{ "points": [ { "id": "LU-1", "name": "Zhōngfǔ", "hanzi": "中府", "english": "Central Palace", "meridian": "LU", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6224, "y": 0.2739, "location": "On the upper anterior chest, level with the first intercostal space and 6 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline; it lies 1 B-cun below LU-2.", "attributes": "Front-mu point of the Lung; meeting point of the Lung and Spleen channels.", "actions": "Directs rebellious Lung qi downward; opens the chest; clears heat affecting the Lung.", "indications": "Cough; wheezing; chest pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Shoulder or back pain; abdominal distention.", "depth": "Superficial oblique or transverse insertion, limited by individual thoracic anatomy; safe depth may be as little as 10-20 mm", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point overlies the lung region. Deep perpendicular insertion can cause pneumothorax; needling requires controlled oblique or transverse technique by a qualified practitioner.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LU1, p. 26", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Lung 1", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/lung/lu1.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Precautions for needling, pp. 12-13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Pneumothorax prevention, pp. 10-13", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "South Africa Government Gazette, Acupuncture Safety Guidelines", "reference": "High-risk thoracic areas, pp. 12-14", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "LU-2", "name": "Yúnmén", "hanzi": "云门", "english": "Cloud Door", "meridian": "LU", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6377, "y": 0.2545, "location": "In the infraclavicular fossa, medial to the coracoid process and 6 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Lung channel point in the deltopectoral triangle.", "actions": "Disperses fullness in the chest; restores the downward movement of Lung qi; eases cough.", "indications": "Cough; wheezing; chest oppression; difficult breathing.", "secondaryIndications": "Pain at the shoulder, upper chest, or upper back.", "depth": "Superficial oblique or transverse insertion, limited by individual thoracic anatomy; safe depth may be as little as 10-20 mm", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The lung lies deep to this region. Do not direct a needle deeply or medially; a qualified practitioner should use a shallow lateral or transverse approach.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LU2, p. 26", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Lung 2", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/lung/lu2.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Thoracic pneumothorax risk points and depth guidance, pp. 10-13", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "LU-3", "name": "Tiānfǔ", "hanzi": "天府", "english": "Heavenly Residence", "meridian": "LU", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6627, "y": 0.2541, "location": "On the anterolateral upper arm, just lateral to the biceps brachii border and 3 B-cun below the anterior axillary fold.", "attributes": "Window of Heaven point of the Lung channel.", "actions": "Directs Lung qi downward; helps control bleeding; calms the po in traditional practice.", "indications": "Cough; wheezing; nosebleed.", "secondaryIndications": "Pain along the medial upper arm; depression; dizziness; forgetfulness or confusion.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not recommended", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LU3, p. 27", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Lung 3", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/lung/lu3.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LU-4", "name": "Xiábái", "hanzi": "侠白", "english": "Guarding White", "meridian": "LU", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.7012, "y": 0.2803, "location": "On the anterolateral upper arm, just lateral to the biceps brachii border and 4 B-cun below the anterior axillary fold.", "attributes": "Local Lung channel point on the upper arm.", "actions": "Encourages the descent of Lung qi; serves as a local upper-arm point.", "indications": "Cough; wheezing; chest congestion; nausea.", "secondaryIndications": "Pain or tightness along the anterolateral upper arm.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LU4, p. 27", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Lung 4", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/lung/lu4.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LU-5", "name": "Chǐzé", "hanzi": "尺泽", "english": "Cubit Marsh", "meridian": "LU", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.7398, "y": 0.3064, "location": "At the cubital crease, in the depression immediately lateral to the biceps brachii tendon.", "attributes": "He-sea and Water point of the Lung channel.", "actions": "Clears Lung heat; redirects Lung qi downward; assists fluid movement; relaxes the elbow channel.", "indications": "Cough; wheezing; coughing blood; sore throat; chest congestion.", "secondaryIndications": "Acute vomiting or diarrhea; urinary difficulty; elbow or forearm spasm and pain.", "depth": "Approximately 1.0 cun in the checked clinical protocol, with explicit avoidance of nerves and vessels; the conflicting older 2.0 cun value is not used", "moxibustion": "A point-specific clinical protocol used Fuyang moxibustion; direct or scarring use was not established.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Needling near the cubital crease requires attention to superficial vessels and deeper nerves; bleeding techniques are a separate professional procedure.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LU5, p. 28", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Lung 5", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/lung/lu5.htm" }, { "document": "ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol NCT05665426", "reference": "Acupuncture and moxibustion at Chize (LU5), intervention sections 3.2.2 and 3.2.4", "url": "https://cdn.clinicaltrials.gov/large-docs/26/NCT05665426/Prot_SAP_000.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "LU-6", "name": "Kǒngzuì", "hanzi": "孔最", "english": "Maximum Opening", "meridian": "LU", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.7774, "y": 0.3313, "location": "On the anterolateral forearm, on the line from LU-5 to LU-9 and 7 B-cun above the palmar wrist crease.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Lung channel.", "actions": "Directs Lung qi downward; clears heat; helps control bleeding.", "indications": "Cough or wheezing; coughing blood; sore throat; nosebleed.", "secondaryIndications": "Febrile illness with absent sweating; acute forearm pain.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LU6, p. 28", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Lung 6", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/lung/lu6.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LU-7", "name": "Lièquē", "hanzi": "列缺", "english": "Broken Sequence", "meridian": "LU", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8611, "y": 0.3813, "location": "On the radial forearm, between the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons, 1.5 B-cun above the palmar wrist crease.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Lung; confluent point of the Conception vessel; command point for the head and neck.", "actions": "Releases exterior wind; restores Lung descent; benefits the nose and throat; supports water passage.", "indications": "Early-stage exterior illness; cough; nasal blockage; sore throat; headache; stiff neck.", "secondaryIndications": "Facial weakness; urinary difficulty; genital discomfort; weakness of the thumb or index finger.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique proximally", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LU7, p. 29", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Lung 7", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/lung/lu7.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LU-8", "name": "Jīngqú", "hanzi": "经渠", "english": "Channel Canal", "meridian": "LU", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8405, "y": 0.3626, "location": "On the anterolateral forearm, between the radial styloid process and radial artery, 1 B-cun above the palmar wrist crease.", "attributes": "Jing-river and Metal point of the Lung channel.", "actions": "Settles cough and wheezing; redirects Lung qi downward; clears the local wrist channel.", "indications": "Cough; wheezing; chest discomfort; sore throat.", "secondaryIndications": "Pain or restricted movement at the radial wrist.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not recommended", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The radial artery is directly adjacent. Avoid vessel puncture and use only careful professional needling.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LU8, p. 29", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Lung 8", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/lung/lu8.htm" }, { "document": "South Africa Government Gazette, Acupuncture Safety Guidelines", "reference": "Points on the radial artery, p. 21", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "LU-9", "name": "Tàiyuān", "hanzi": "太渊", "english": "Great Abyss", "meridian": "LU", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8721, "y": 0.3782, "location": "At the radial side of the palmar wrist crease, between the radial styloid and scaphoid, in the depression ulnar to the abductor pollicis longus tendon and over the radial artery.", "attributes": "Yuan-source, shu-stream, and Earth point of the Lung; influential point of the vessels.", "actions": "Strengthens Lung qi and yin; transforms phlegm; supports the gathering qi; benefits the pulse and vessels.", "indications": "Chronic weak cough; wheezing with deficiency; copious phlegm; shortness of breath.", "secondaryIndications": "Weak or irregular pulse; wrist pain; hiccups; cold or weak limbs.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid direct moxibustion over the radial artery.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point lies over the radial artery. The vessel must be identified and avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LU9, p. 30", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Lung 9", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/lung/lu9.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Potentially dangerous points and radial artery, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Vascular injury prevention, p. 4", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "LU-10", "name": "Yújì", "hanzi": "鱼际", "english": "Fish Border", "meridian": "LU", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8608, "y": 0.3888, "location": "On the palm, radial to the midpoint of the first metacarpal, at the border between palmar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Ying-spring and Fire point of the Lung channel.", "actions": "Clears heat from the Lung channel; soothes the throat.", "indications": "Sore throat; hoarse voice; fever; cough; wheezing.", "secondaryIndications": "Coughing blood.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LU10, p. 30", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Lung 10", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/lung/lu10.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LU-11", "name": "Shàoshāng", "hanzi": "少商", "english": "Lesser Metal", "meridian": "LU", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8424, "y": 0.4028, "location": "On the radial side of the thumb's distal phalanx, 0.1 f-cun proximal-lateral to the radial corner of the thumbnail.", "attributes": "Jing-well and Wood point of the Lung channel.", "actions": "Clears intense Lung and throat heat; expels wind; restores alertness in traditional emergency use.", "indications": "Severe sore throat; fever; cough; nosebleed.", "secondaryIndications": "Fainting or reduced consciousness; agitation; numbness at the thumb tip.", "depth": "0.1 cun shallow oblique; professional pricking technique may be used", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pricking to bleed is an invasive professional technique and should not be attempted as self-treatment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LU11, p. 31", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Lung 11", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/lung/lu11.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LI-1", "name": "Shāngyáng", "hanzi": "商阳", "english": "Metal Yang", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.896, "y": 0.423, "location": "On the radial side of the index finger, 0.1 finger-cun proximal and lateral to the radial corner of the nail.", "attributes": "Jing-well and Metal point of the Large Intestine channel.", "actions": "Clears heat from the channel; benefits the throat; awakens the senses in acute excess patterns.", "indications": "Sudden sore throat; swelling beneath the jaw; fever with agitation; loss of consciousness.", "secondaryIndications": "Index-finger pain or numbness; toothache; ear fullness; acute facial swelling.", "depth": "0.1 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable with careful heat control.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI1", "reference": "LI1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." } ] }, { "id": "LI-2", "name": "Èrjiān", "hanzi": "二间", "english": "Second Interval", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8888, "y": 0.4102, "location": "On the radial side of the index finger, in the depression just distal to the second metacarpophalangeal joint at the junction of palmar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Ying-spring and Water point of the Large Intestine channel.", "actions": "Drains channel heat; eases swelling and pain of the face and throat; activates the finger pathway.", "indications": "Toothache; sore throat; red or painful eyes; fever; swelling of the face.", "secondaryIndications": "Nosebleed; dry mouth; index-finger stiffness; pain around the second knuckle.", "depth": "0.2–0.3 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI2", "reference": "LI2", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." } ] }, { "id": "LI-3", "name": "Sānjiān", "hanzi": "三间", "english": "Third Interval", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8815, "y": 0.3974, "location": "On the back of the hand, in the hollow immediately radial and proximal to the second metacarpophalangeal joint.", "attributes": "Shu-stream and Wood point of the Large Intestine channel.", "actions": "Moves qi through the hand channel; clears wind-heat; reduces local swelling and pain.", "indications": "Pain or stiffness of the index finger and hand; toothache; sore throat; eye redness.", "secondaryIndications": "Fever; abdominal fullness; noisy digestion; loose stool associated with an excess pattern.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI3", "reference": "LI3", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." } ] }, { "id": "LI-4", "name": "Hégǔ", "hanzi": "合谷", "english": "Union Valley", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.9056, "y": 0.4125, "location": "On the back of the hand, beside the radial aspect of the midpoint of the second metacarpal bone.", "attributes": "Yuan-source point of the Large Intestine channel. Command point for the face and mouth.", "actions": "Releases exterior patterns; disperses wind; regulates the face and sensory openings; moves qi and relieves pain.", "indications": "Headache; toothache; facial pain; nasal obstruction; sore throat.", "secondaryIndications": "Fever with chills; constipation; menstrual pain; delayed labour under specialist care.", "depth": "0.5–1 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable, but avoid during pregnancy unless used by a suitably qualified clinician for a specific obstetric purpose.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy: traditionally avoided except for a specific obstetric indication under qualified clinical care; current evidence does not establish that LI-4 reliably induces labour or miscarriage.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI4", "reference": "LI4", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "Pregnancy and general acupuncture safety." }, { "document": "Safety in Clinical Practice", "publisher": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand", "year": 2023, "section": "Pregnancy cautions", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf", "scope": "Professional guidance listing LI-4 among points requiring pregnancy caution." }, { "document": "Safety Guidelines: Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture", "publisher": "Government of South Africa", "year": 2020, "section": "Pregnancy precautions", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf", "scope": "Official practice guidance identifying LI-4 as a point to avoid during pregnancy." }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "publisher": "Acupuncture in Medicine", "year": 2015, "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/", "scope": "Evidence review finding no established increase in adverse pregnancy outcomes from studied forbidden-point use while noting that rare harm cannot be excluded." } ] }, { "id": "LI-5", "name": "Yángxī", "hanzi": "阳溪", "english": "Yang Stream", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8718, "y": 0.3781, "location": "At the radial end of the dorsal wrist crease, distal to the radial styloid process in the anatomical snuffbox.", "attributes": "Jing-river and Fire point of the Large Intestine channel.", "actions": "Clears heat along the channel; benefits the wrist and hand; opens the nose and sensory passages.", "indications": "Wrist pain; thumb-side hand weakness; headache; red eyes; toothache.", "secondaryIndications": "Tinnitus; nasal congestion; sore throat; fever with restlessness.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The radial artery and superficial radial nerve lie in this region; avoid visible or palpable vessels and forceful deep insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI5", "reference": "LI5", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." }, { "document": "Atlas of Acupuncturology", "publisher": "National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan", "year": 2020, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI5", "url": "https://www.nricm.edu.tw/var/file/0/1000/img/134/611386831.pdf", "scope": "Layered anatomy and nearby neurovascular structures at LI-5." }, { "document": "Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Hand Anatomical Snuff Box", "publisher": "StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf", "year": 2023, "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482228/", "scope": "Radial artery, superficial radial nerve, and cephalic vein anatomy in the anatomical snuffbox." } ] }, { "id": "LI-6", "name": "Piānlì", "hanzi": "偏历", "english": "Veering Passage", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8511, "y": 0.3678, "location": "On the posterolateral forearm, on the line from LI-5 to LI-11 and 3 body-cun above the dorsal wrist crease.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Large Intestine channel.", "actions": "Connects the paired Lung and Large Intestine channels; supports fluid movement; benefits the ears and nose.", "indications": "Forearm pain; ringing in the ears; reduced hearing; nosebleed; nasal congestion.", "secondaryIndications": "Facial swelling; sore throat; toothache; difficult urination or localized oedema.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun perpendicular or oblique", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI6", "reference": "LI6", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." } ] }, { "id": "LI-7", "name": "Wēnliū", "hanzi": "温溜", "english": "Warm Flow", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8304, "y": 0.3575, "location": "On the posterolateral forearm, on the line joining LI-5 and LI-11 and 5 body-cun above the dorsal wrist crease.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Large Intestine channel.", "actions": "Clears acute channel heat; reduces swelling; relieves sudden pain; regulates the intestinal pathway.", "indications": "Acute toothache; facial swelling; sore throat; headache; forearm pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Abdominal pain; noisy digestion; nausea; agitation during a febrile illness.", "depth": "0.5–1 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI7", "reference": "LI7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." } ] }, { "id": "LI-8", "name": "Xiàlián", "hanzi": "下廉", "english": "Lower Ridge", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8096, "y": 0.3472, "location": "On the posterolateral forearm along the LI-5 to LI-11 line, 4 body-cun below the cubital crease.", "attributes": "Regular channel point on the forearm segment of the Large Intestine pathway.", "actions": "Activates the forearm channel; relieves local pain; supports regulation of the stomach and intestines.", "indications": "Forearm or elbow pain; arm weakness; abdominal pain; loose stool.", "secondaryIndications": "Headache; dizziness; breast discomfort; difficult urination.", "depth": "0.5–1 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI8", "reference": "LI8", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." } ] }, { "id": "LI-9", "name": "Shànglián", "hanzi": "上廉", "english": "Upper Ridge", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.7889, "y": 0.337, "location": "On the posterolateral forearm along the LI-5 to LI-11 line, 3 body-cun below the cubital crease.", "attributes": "Regular channel point on the proximal forearm section of the Large Intestine pathway.", "actions": "Frees the elbow and forearm; moves channel qi; harmonizes intestinal function in traditional pattern treatment.", "indications": "Elbow or forearm pain; reduced grip strength; abdominal pain; constipation.", "secondaryIndications": "Loose stool; urinary difficulty; headache; numbness of the arm.", "depth": "0.5–1 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI9", "reference": "LI9", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." } ] }, { "id": "LI-10", "name": "Shǒusānlǐ", "hanzi": "手三里", "english": "Arm Three Miles", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.767, "y": 0.3249, "location": "On the posterolateral forearm, on the LI-5 to LI-11 line and 2 body-cun below the cubital crease.", "attributes": "Commonly used distal point for the arm and Large Intestine channel.", "actions": "Strengthens and relaxes the arm; circulates qi and blood in the channel; supports digestive regulation.", "indications": "Elbow or forearm pain; weakness of the arm; abdominal discomfort; diarrhoea.", "secondaryIndications": "Toothache; facial swelling; shoulder tension; reduced hand function.", "depth": "0.8–1.2 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI10", "reference": "LI10", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." } ] }, { "id": "LI-11", "name": "Qūchí", "hanzi": "曲池", "english": "Pool at the Bend", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.7416, "y": 0.3077, "location": "At the lateral elbow, halfway between LU-5 and the lateral epicondyle; when the elbow is fully bent, it lies at the lateral end of the cubital crease.", "attributes": "He-sea and Earth point of the Large Intestine channel.", "actions": "Clears heat; cools the blood in traditional pattern language; resolves dampness; opens the elbow channel.", "indications": "Fever; sore throat; red or itchy skin eruptions; elbow pain; limited elbow movement.", "secondaryIndications": "Headache; eye redness; abdominal pain; vomiting or diarrhoea associated with heat.", "depth": "1–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI11", "reference": "LI11", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." } ] }, { "id": "LI-12", "name": "Zhǒuliáo", "hanzi": "肘髎", "english": "Elbow Bone-Hole", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.7163, "y": 0.2905, "location": "On the posterolateral elbow, above the lateral epicondyle and just anterior to the lateral supracondylar ridge.", "attributes": "Local channel point at the lateral elbow.", "actions": "Moves qi and blood through the elbow; eases pain; supports mobility of the upper limb.", "indications": "Lateral elbow pain; stiffness; difficulty flexing or extending the arm; upper-arm weakness.", "secondaryIndications": "Numbness of the arm; shoulder discomfort; localized swelling around the elbow.", "depth": "0.5–1 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI12", "reference": "LI12", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." } ] }, { "id": "LI-13", "name": "Shǒuwǔlǐ", "hanzi": "手五里", "english": "Arm Five Miles", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.691, "y": 0.2733, "location": "On the lateral upper arm, on the line from LI-11 to LI-15 and 3 body-cun above the cubital crease.", "attributes": "Regular channel point on the lower upper-arm segment of the Large Intestine pathway.", "actions": "Activates the upper-arm channel; relieves pain and weakness; softens localized swelling in traditional use.", "indications": "Upper-arm pain; elbow pain; weakness or reduced movement of the arm; localized swelling.", "secondaryIndications": "Neck stiffness; enlarged lymph nodes described as scrofula in traditional texts; abdominal discomfort.", "depth": "0.5–1 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": null, "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI13", "reference": "LI13", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." } ] }, { "id": "LI-14", "name": "Bìnào", "hanzi": "臂臑", "english": "Upper Arm", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6657, "y": 0.2561, "location": "On the lateral upper arm, immediately anterior to the deltoid border and 7 body-cun above LI-11.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Large Intestine channel and the Yang Linking vessel.", "actions": "Opens the shoulder and upper-arm channel; relieves pain; benefits the eyes in traditional channel theory.", "indications": "Shoulder or upper-arm pain; difficulty lifting the arm; weakness of the upper limb; eye discomfort.", "secondaryIndications": "Neck swelling; localized nodules traditionally described as scrofula; chest or arm tightness.", "depth": "0.8–1.5 cun perpendicular or oblique superiorly", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI14", "reference": "LI14", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." } ] }, { "id": "LI-15", "name": "Jiānyú", "hanzi": "肩髃", "english": "Shoulder Bone", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6387, "y": 0.2425, "location": "At the shoulder, in the deeper anterior hollow formed between the lateral acromion and the greater tubercle when the arm is abducted.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Large Intestine channel and the Yang Motility vessel.", "actions": "Benefits the shoulder joint; disperses wind-damp obstruction; restores movement along the arm channel.", "indications": "Shoulder pain; restricted abduction; weakness of the arm; post-stroke upper-limb impairment.", "secondaryIndications": "Numbness of the arm; localized shoulder swelling; itchy skin eruptions in traditional pattern treatment.", "depth": "0.8–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The shoulder joint, subdeltoid bursa, axillary nerve, and circumflex vessels are nearby; use anatomy-aware technique and avoid forceful deep insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI15", "reference": "LI15", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "General needling and moxibustion safety." }, { "document": "Safety in Clinical Practice", "publisher": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand", "year": 2023, "section": "Points near joints and vulnerable structures", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf", "scope": "Professional safety guidance for acupuncture near joints and vulnerable structures." }, { "document": "Atlas of Acupuncturology", "publisher": "National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan", "year": 2020, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI15", "url": "https://www.nricm.edu.tw/var/file/0/1000/img/134/611386831.pdf", "scope": "Layered shoulder anatomy and nearby bursal and neurovascular structures at LI-15." } ] }, { "id": "LI-16", "name": "Jùgǔ", "hanzi": "巨骨", "english": "Great Bone", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6069, "y": 0.2398, "location": "On top of the shoulder, in the depression between the acromial end of the clavicle and the spine of the scapula.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Large Intestine channel and the Yang Motility vessel.", "actions": "Opens the shoulder channel; relieves pain and stiffness; supports movement of the arm.", "indications": "Top-of-shoulder pain; limited shoulder movement; upper-arm weakness; localized shoulder swelling.", "secondaryIndications": "Neck stiffness; pain extending toward the scapula; reduced ability to raise the arm.", "depth": "0.5–0.7 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable with standard burn precautions.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Avoid deep or medially directed insertion; the suprascapular neurovascular bundle is nearby, and misplaced deep needling in the shoulder or scapular region can risk the pleura.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI16", "reference": "LI16", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "Pneumothorax risk from excessive depth near the supraclavicular region." }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual", "publisher": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine", "edition": "7th edition, February 2024 revision", "year": 2024, "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf", "scope": "Regional shoulder and scapular needling safety, including pleural risk from misplaced deep insertion." }, { "document": "Atlas of Acupuncturology", "publisher": "National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan", "year": 2020, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI16", "url": "https://www.nricm.edu.tw/var/file/0/1000/img/134/611386831.pdf", "scope": "Scapular bony floor and nearby suprascapular neurovascular anatomy at LI-16." }, { "document": "Adverse Events of Acupuncture: A Systematic Review of Case Reports", "publisher": "Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine", "year": 2013, "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3616356/", "scope": "General evidence on rare serious acupuncture complications, including pneumothorax." } ] }, { "id": "LI-17", "name": "Tiāndǐng", "hanzi": "天鼎", "english": "Celestial Tripod", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.575, "y": 0.2372, "location": "On the front of the neck at the level of the cricoid cartilage, immediately behind the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.", "attributes": "Local neck point of the Large Intestine channel, directly inferior to LI-18.", "actions": "Benefits the throat and voice; moves qi through the neck; reduces localized swelling in traditional use.", "indications": "Sore or swollen throat; sudden hoarseness; difficulty swallowing; neck stiffness.", "secondaryIndications": "Goitre; enlarged cervical nodes described traditionally as scrofula; cough with throat constriction.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable only with careful heat control near the neck.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Vulnerable lateral-neck point near major vessels and the cervical plexus; use only shallow, anatomy-aware needling by a trained practitioner and avoid electroacupuncture across the anterior neck.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI17", "reference": "LI17", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Safety in Clinical Practice", "publisher": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand", "year": 2023, "section": "Sensitive neck points: LI-17", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf", "scope": "Professional guidance identifying LI-17 as a sensitive neck point requiring special skill." }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual", "publisher": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine", "edition": "7th edition, February 2024 revision", "year": 2024, "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf", "scope": "Major-vessel, nerve, and electroacupuncture precautions for the anterior neck." }, { "document": "Atlas of Acupuncturology", "publisher": "National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan", "year": 2020, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI17", "url": "https://www.nricm.edu.tw/var/file/0/1000/img/134/611386831.pdf", "scope": "Layered anatomy showing vulnerable vessels and cervical plexus structures near LI-17." } ] }, { "id": "LI-18", "name": "Fútū", "hanzi": "扶突", "english": "Supporting the Prominence", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5435, "y": 0.2341, "location": "On the front of the neck at the height of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, between the anterior and posterior borders of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.", "attributes": "Window of Heaven point of the Large Intestine channel.", "actions": "Benefits the throat and voice; descends rebellious Lung qi; disperses nodular swelling in traditional use.", "indications": "Throat pain or swelling; hoarseness; cough; wheezing; difficulty swallowing.", "secondaryIndications": "Goitre; cervical node swelling described traditionally as scrofula; sudden loss of voice.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable only with careful heat control near the neck.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "High-risk lateral-neck point near the carotid sheath and other major vessels; depth varies with anatomy. Use only shallow, anatomy-aware needling by a trained practitioner and avoid electroacupuncture across the anterior neck.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI18", "reference": "LI18", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Safety in Clinical Practice", "publisher": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand", "year": 2023, "section": "Sensitive neck points: LI-18", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf", "scope": "Professional guidance identifying LI-18 as a sensitive neck point requiring special skill." }, { "document": "Safety Guidelines: Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture", "publisher": "Government of South Africa", "year": 2020, "section": "High-risk lateral neck points", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf", "scope": "Official guidance identifying LI-18 as a high-risk point over major vessels." }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual", "publisher": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine", "edition": "7th edition, February 2024 revision", "year": 2024, "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf", "scope": "Major-vessel, nerve, and electroacupuncture precautions for the anterior neck." }, { "document": "Atlas of Acupuncturology", "publisher": "National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan", "year": 2020, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI18", "url": "https://www.nricm.edu.tw/var/file/0/1000/img/134/611386831.pdf", "scope": "Layered anatomy showing the carotid sheath and other vulnerable structures near LI-18." }, { "document": "Determination of Safe Needling Depth via MRI for Acupoints in the Neck and Shoulder Region", "publisher": "BMJ Open", "year": 2015, "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4521547/", "scope": "MRI evidence that skin-to-major-vessel distance at LI-18 varies with individual anatomy; not a recommended treatment depth." } ] }, { "id": "LI-19", "name": "Kǒuhéliáo", "hanzi": "口禾髎", "english": "Mouth Grain-Hole", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5349, "y": 0.2147, "location": "On the face, level with the midpoint of the philtrum, below the lateral edge of the nostril and 0.5 body-cun lateral to GV-26.", "attributes": "Local facial point on the terminal segment of the Large Intestine channel.", "actions": "Opens the nasal passages; disperses wind from the face; activates the local channel.", "indications": "Nasal obstruction; nasal discharge; nosebleed; reduced sense of smell; facial weakness.", "secondaryIndications": "Swelling or deviation of the upper lip; facial itching; pain beside the nostril.", "depth": "0.2–0.3 cun oblique", "moxibustion": "Direct moxibustion is not recommended on the face.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Use shallow facial technique and avoid visible vessels; facial artery and vein branches and trigeminal branches are nearby. Do not apply direct moxibustion on the face.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI19", "reference": "LI19", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "Direct moxibustion should not be applied to facial points." }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual", "publisher": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine", "edition": "7th edition, February 2024 revision", "year": 2024, "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf", "scope": "Facial vessel, nerve, infection, bleeding, and direct-moxibustion precautions." }, { "document": "Atlas of Acupuncturology", "publisher": "National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan", "year": 2020, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI19", "url": "https://www.nricm.edu.tw/var/file/0/1000/img/134/611386831.pdf", "scope": "Layered facial anatomy showing nearby facial vessels and trigeminal branches at LI-19." } ] }, { "id": "LI-20", "name": "Yíngxiāng", "hanzi": "迎香", "english": "Welcome Fragrance", "meridian": "LI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5262, "y": 0.1952, "location": "On the face in the nasolabial groove, level with the midpoint of the outer border of the nasal ala.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Large Intestine and Stomach channels.", "actions": "Opens the nose; disperses wind; clears local heat; restores movement through the facial channel.", "indications": "Blocked or runny nose; rhinitis; sinus pressure; reduced sense of smell.", "secondaryIndications": "Facial weakness; itching or swelling of the face; pain around the nostril.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun transverse or oblique toward the root of the nose", "moxibustion": "Not recommended on the face.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Use a shallow oblique or transverse facial technique and avoid visible vessels; facial artery and vein branches and trigeminal branches are nearby. Do not apply direct moxibustion on the face.", "leader": "leading", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "publisher": "World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific", "year": 2008, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI20", "reference": "LI20", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407", "scope": "Standard code, name, and anatomical location." }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "publisher": "World Health Organization", "year": 1999, "identifier": "WHO/EDM/TRM/99.1", "url": "https://iris.who.int/bitstreams/07296f71-3317-43df-8928-81f33be12cbe/download", "scope": "Direct moxibustion should not be applied to facial points." }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual", "publisher": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine", "edition": "7th edition, February 2024 revision", "year": 2024, "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf", "scope": "Facial vessel, nerve, infection, bleeding, and direct-moxibustion precautions." }, { "document": "Atlas of Acupuncturology", "publisher": "National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taiwan", "year": 2020, "section": "Large Intestine Meridian, LI20", "url": "https://www.nricm.edu.tw/var/file/0/1000/img/134/611386831.pdf", "scope": "Layered facial anatomy and a shallow surface-following oblique direction at LI-20." } ] }, { "id": "ST-1", "name": "Chéngqì", "hanzi": "承泣", "english": "Tear Container", "meridian": "ST", "view": "head", "x": 0.6489, "y": 0.4188, "location": "On the face, directly below the pupil, between the eyeball and the infraorbital margin.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Stomach channel, Conception vessel, and Yang Heel vessel.", "actions": "Dispels wind and heat from the eye region; benefits vision; checks excessive tearing.", "indications": "Red, swollen, or painful eyes; excessive tearing; impaired night vision.", "secondaryIndications": "Eyelid twitching; facial muscle spasm or weakness.", "depth": "No insertion in general practice; use a non-insertion technique unless advanced eye-orbit training and an applicable professional standard explicitly permit otherwise", "moxibustion": "Not recommended", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point is inside the eye orbit. A government safety guideline generally contraindicates insertion here and favors non-insertion techniques because the eyeball and orbital vessels are vulnerable.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST1, p. 46", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 1", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st1.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Vulnerable points: orbit of the eye, p. 12", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Potentially dangerous eye points, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "South Africa Government Gazette, Acupuncture Safety Guidelines", "reference": "High-risk eye orbit points, p. 13", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-2", "name": "Sìbái", "hanzi": "四白", "english": "Four Whites", "meridian": "ST", "view": "head", "x": 0.6489, "y": 0.4375, "location": "On the face, directly below the pupil in the infraorbital foramen.", "attributes": "Regional point of the Stomach channel below the eye.", "actions": "Clears wind and heat from the face; benefits the eyes.", "indications": "Eye redness, itching, or pain; blurred vision; eyelid twitching.", "secondaryIndications": "Facial pain; weakness or deviation of the mouth.", "depth": "0.2-0.3 cun perpendicular or shallow transverse", "moxibustion": "Not recommended", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST2, p. 46", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 2", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st2.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-3", "name": "Jùliáo", "hanzi": "巨髎", "english": "Great Crevice", "meridian": "ST", "view": "head", "x": 0.6489, "y": 0.5125, "location": "On the face, directly below the pupil and level with the lower border of the nasal ala.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Stomach channel and Yang Heel vessel.", "actions": "Dispels facial wind; reduces swelling; activates the local channel and relieves pain.", "indications": "Facial weakness or spasm; cheek swelling; toothache.", "secondaryIndications": "Nosebleed; twitching around the eye; lip swelling.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique or transverse", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid direct or scarring moxibustion on the face.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST3, p. 47", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 3", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st3.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Direct moxibustion restrictions for facial points, pp. 25 and 240-241", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-4", "name": "Dìcāng", "hanzi": "地仓", "english": "Earth Granary", "meridian": "ST", "view": "head", "x": 0.6278, "y": 0.5844, "location": "On the face, 0.4 f-cun lateral to the corner of the mouth, in or along the continuation of the nasolabial groove.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Stomach and Large Intestine channels with the Yang Heel vessel.", "actions": "Expels facial wind; restores movement around the mouth; eases local pain.", "indications": "Deviation of the mouth; drooling; twitching at the lip or mouth corner.", "secondaryIndications": "Facial pain.", "depth": "0.5-0.8 cun oblique or transverse", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid direct or scarring moxibustion on the face.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST4, p. 47", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 4", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st4.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Direct moxibustion restrictions for facial points, pp. 25 and 240-241", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-5", "name": "Dàyíng", "hanzi": "大迎", "english": "Great Reception", "meridian": "ST", "view": "head", "x": 0.75, "y": 0.6156, "location": "Anterior to the angle of the mandible, in the depression just before the masseter attachment and over the facial artery.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point at the jaw.", "actions": "Disperses facial wind; reduces swelling; relieves jaw and tooth pain.", "indications": "Cheek swelling; lower toothache; jaw pain; limited mouth opening.", "secondaryIndications": "Facial weakness or deviation.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique or transverse", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid direct or scarring moxibustion on the face and over the facial artery.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The facial artery passes beneath this point and must be identified and avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST5, p. 48", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 5", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st5.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Direct moxibustion restrictions for facial points and vascular injury prevention, pp. 4 and 25", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-6", "name": "Jiáchē", "hanzi": "颊车", "english": "Jaw Bone", "meridian": "ST", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4, "y": 0.19, "location": "One middle-finger breadth anterosuperior to the angle of the mandible, at the masseter prominence when the teeth are clenched.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point of the masseter and jaw.", "actions": "Relaxes the jaw; expels facial wind; opens channel obstruction; eases tooth pain.", "indications": "Jaw pain or spasm; difficulty opening the mouth; lower toothache.", "secondaryIndications": "Cheek swelling; facial weakness or deviation.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun perpendicular or 0.5-1.0 cun transverse", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid direct or scarring moxibustion on the face.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST6, p. 48", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 6", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st6.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Direct moxibustion restrictions for facial points, pp. 25 and 240-241", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-7", "name": "Xiàguān", "hanzi": "下关", "english": "Below the Joint", "meridian": "ST", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.425, "y": 0.15, "location": "In the depression between the midpoint of the lower border of the zygomatic arch and the mandibular notch, located with the mouth closed.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Stomach and Gallbladder channels.", "actions": "Benefits the jaw, teeth, and ear; opens local channel obstruction; relieves facial pain.", "indications": "Temporomandibular pain; restricted mouth opening; toothache; facial pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Tinnitus; reduced hearing; nasal blockage.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid direct or scarring moxibustion on the face.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST7, p. 49", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 7", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st7.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Direct moxibustion restrictions for facial points, pp. 25 and 240-241", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-8", "name": "Tóuwéi", "hanzi": "头维", "english": "Head Support", "meridian": "ST", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.415, "y": 0.11, "location": "At the corner of the forehead, 0.5 B-cun above the anterior hairline and 4.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Stomach and Gallbladder channels with the Yang Linking vessel.", "actions": "Dispels wind from the head; clears the eyes; relieves headache.", "indications": "Frontal or temporal headache; dizziness; blurred vision.", "secondaryIndications": "Eye pain; tearing; eyelid twitching.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun transverse", "moxibustion": "Not recommended", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST8, p. 49", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 8", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st8.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-9", "name": "Rényíng", "hanzi": "人迎", "english": "Man's Welcome", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5555, "y": 0.3031, "location": "On the anterior neck, level with the upper border of the thyroid cartilage, just anterior to the sternocleidomastoid and over the common carotid artery.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Stomach and Gallbladder channels; Window of Heaven and Sea of Qi point.", "actions": "Regulates qi and blood in the neck; descends rebellious qi; benefits the throat.", "indications": "Sore throat; goiter or neck swelling; cough; wheezing.", "secondaryIndications": "Hypertension; apoplexy; hemiplegia; knee arthralgia in traditional use.", "depth": "Shallow, anatomy-led insertion only after locating the carotid pulse; do not rely on a fixed depth", "moxibustion": "Not recommended", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This vulnerable neck point lies over the common carotid artery. Deep needling or carotid puncture is dangerous.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST9, p. 50", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 9", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st9.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Vulnerable neck points, p. 12", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Potentially dangerous point near the carotid artery, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Carotid artery and point safety guidance, pp. 4 and 240-241", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "South Africa Government Gazette, Acupuncture Safety Guidelines", "reference": "High-risk neck points and carotid artery, pp. 13 and 21", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-10", "name": "Shuǐtū", "hanzi": "水突", "english": "Water Prominence", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5612, "y": 0.3213, "location": "On the anterior neck, level with the cricoid cartilage and immediately anterior to the sternocleidomastoid border.", "attributes": "Vulnerable regional point of the Stomach channel on the neck.", "actions": "Redirects rebellious Lung qi; eases the throat.", "indications": "Sore throat.", "secondaryIndications": "Cough or wheezing.", "depth": "Shallow, anatomy-led insertion only; avoid the carotid artery and other vulnerable neck structures", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid direct moxibustion over major neck vessels.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This is a vulnerable neck point close to major vessels and the airway. Deep or poorly directed insertion is unsafe.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST10, p. 50", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 10", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st10.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Vulnerable neck points, p. 12", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-11", "name": "Qìshě", "hanzi": "气舍", "english": "Qi Abode", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5612, "y": 0.3402, "location": "In the lesser supraclavicular fossa, above the sternal end of the clavicle and between the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point at the root of the neck.", "actions": "Descends rebellious qi; opens the throat and chest; eases cough.", "indications": "Cough; wheezing; chest oppression; sore throat.", "secondaryIndications": "Goiter; neck swelling; painful or stiff neck.", "depth": "Superficial oblique or transverse insertion, limited to subcutaneous tissue by individual thoracic anatomy; safe depth may be as little as 10-20 mm", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid direct or scarring moxibustion over the lower neck and thorax.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The lower neck contains major vessels, nerves, and thoracic structures. Do not needle deeply.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST11, p. 51", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 11", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st11.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Thoracic pneumothorax risk points and depth guidance, pp. 10-13", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-12", "name": "Quēpén", "hanzi": "缺盆", "english": "Empty Basin", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5612, "y": 0.359, "location": "In the greater supraclavicular fossa, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline and just above the clavicle.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point in the supraclavicular fossa.", "actions": "Directs Lung qi downward; activates the channel.", "indications": "Cough; wheezing; sore throat.", "secondaryIndications": "Pain in the supraclavicular fossa; scrofula in traditional use.", "depth": "Superficial oblique insertion, limited by the lung apex and supraclavicular vessels; safe depth may be as little as 10-20 mm", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid direct or scarring moxibustion over the supraclavicular thorax and major vessels.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The lung apex and supraclavicular vessels lie beneath this point. Deep insertion is unsafe. A point-specific pregnancy prohibition was not confirmed in the checked current official guidance.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST12, p. 51", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 12", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st12.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Supraclavicular vessels and pneumothorax prevention, pp. 4 and 10-13", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-13", "name": "Qìhù", "hanzi": "气户", "english": "Qi Door", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5612, "y": 0.3779, "location": "On the anterior chest, immediately below the clavicle and 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point on the upper chest.", "actions": "Directs rebellious qi downward; frees the chest.", "indications": "Cough; wheezing.", "secondaryIndications": "Chest pain or congestion.", "depth": "Superficial oblique or transverse insertion, limited to subcutaneous tissue by individual thoracic anatomy; safe depth may be as little as 10-20 mm", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid direct or scarring moxibustion over the thorax and subclavian artery.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Because the point lies over the thorax, deep perpendicular insertion can reach the pleura or lung. Use a shallow oblique or transverse approach only.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST13, p. 52", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 13", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st13.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Subclavian artery and thoracic pneumothorax prevention, pp. 4 and 10-13", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-14", "name": "Kùfáng", "hanzi": "库房", "english": "Storeroom", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5612, "y": 0.3968, "location": "In the first intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point on the chest.", "actions": "Opens the chest; descends rebellious qi; eases pain along the ribs.", "indications": "Cough; wheezing; chest distention or pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Hypochondriac discomfort; local intercostal pain.", "depth": "Superficial oblique or transverse insertion, limited to subcutaneous tissue by individual thoracic anatomy; safe depth may be as little as 10-20 mm", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This intercostal point overlies the thorax. Avoid deep perpendicular insertion because of pleural and lung injury risk.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST14, p. 52", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 14", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st14.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Thoracic pneumothorax prevention, pp. 10-13", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-15", "name": "Wūyì", "hanzi": "屋翳", "english": "Roof", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5612, "y": 0.4157, "location": "In the second intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point on the chest and breast line.", "actions": "Opens the chest; redirects rebellious qi; supports free circulation in the breast.", "indications": "Cough; wheezing; chest or rib-side pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Breast swelling, pain, or inflammation.", "depth": "Superficial oblique or transverse insertion, limited to subcutaneous tissue by individual thoracic and breast anatomy; safe depth may be as little as 10-20 mm", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This intercostal point is close to the pleura and lung. Deep perpendicular insertion is unsafe.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST15, p. 53", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 15", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st15.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Thoracic and breast-region safety, pp. 10-13 and 240-241", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-16", "name": "Yīngchuāng", "hanzi": "膺窗", "english": "Breast Window", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5651, "y": 0.4344, "location": "In the third intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point on the chest and breast line.", "actions": "Opens the chest; eases cough; promotes free movement through the breast region.", "indications": "Cough; wheezing; chest distention or pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Breast swelling, pain, or inflammation.", "depth": "Superficial oblique or transverse insertion, limited to subcutaneous tissue by individual thoracic and breast anatomy; safe depth may be as little as 10-20 mm", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The pleura and lung lie deep to this intercostal site. Do not use deep perpendicular insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST16, p. 53", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 16", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st16.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Thoracic and breast-region safety, pp. 10-13 and 240-241", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-17", "name": "Rǔzhōng", "hanzi": "乳中", "english": "Breast Center", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5706, "y": 0.453, "location": "At the center of the nipple; in males this is usually at the fourth intercostal space.", "attributes": "Anatomical landmark only; not a treatment point.", "actions": "Serves only as a proportional landmark for locating nearby chest and abdominal points.", "indications": "No therapeutic needling indication; location reference only.", "secondaryIndications": "Used to establish the vertical nipple line in point-location study.", "depth": "Do not needle", "moxibustion": "Prohibited", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Needling and moxibustion of the nipple and areola are prohibited; ST-17 is a landmark only.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST17, p. 54", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 17", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st17.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Prohibited areas for needling, p. 12", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-18", "name": "Rǔgēn", "hanzi": "乳根", "english": "Breast Root", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5761, "y": 0.4717, "location": "In the fifth intercostal space, 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline; in females, at the midpoint of the inframammary crease.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point below the breast.", "actions": "Benefits the breast; opens the chest; eases cough and wheezing.", "indications": "Breast pain, swelling, inflammation, or reduced lactation.", "secondaryIndications": "Cough; wheezing; chest pain.", "depth": "Superficial oblique or transverse insertion, limited to subcutaneous tissue by individual thoracic and breast anatomy; safe depth may be as little as 10-20 mm", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This intercostal point overlies the thorax. Avoid deep perpendicular insertion and assess breast anatomy carefully.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST18, p. 54", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 18", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st18.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Thoracic and breast-region safety, pp. 10-13 and 240-241", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-19", "name": "Bùróng", "hanzi": "不容", "english": "Not Contained", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5825, "y": 0.4892, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 6 B-cun above the umbilicus and 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Upper abdominal point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Harmonizes the middle burner; redirects rebellious Stomach qi downward.", "indications": "Upper abdominal or epigastric pain; nausea; vomiting.", "secondaryIndications": "Poor appetite; abdominal fullness.", "depth": "Anatomy-led shallow insertion; use an oblique approach if a rib overlies the point and avoid deep organ penetration", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid abdominal moxibustion during pregnancy unless specifically assessed by a qualified practitioner.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The point may shift relative to the costal margin. Individualize depth to protect abdominal organs, use an oblique approach if a rib overlies the site, and avoid upper-abdominal needling during pregnancy after the third month.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST19, p. 55", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 19", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st19.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Pregnancy and chest, back, and abdomen safety, pp. 20 and 24", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "South Africa Government Gazette, Acupuncture Safety Guidelines", "reference": "Abdominal organ depth and anatomical variation, pp. 14 and 21", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-20", "name": "Chéngmǎn", "hanzi": "承满", "english": "Assuming Fullness", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5897, "y": 0.5057, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 5 B-cun above the umbilicus and 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Upper abdominal point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Harmonizes the middle burner; directs rebellious Stomach qi downward.", "indications": "Epigastric pain; nausea; vomiting; poor appetite.", "secondaryIndications": "Abdominal distention.", "depth": "Anatomy-led insertion; fixed depth is not a substitute for assessment of the abdominal wall and underlying organs", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid abdominal moxibustion during pregnancy unless specifically assessed by a qualified practitioner.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Upper-abdominal organ depth varies by anatomy. Avoid deep insertion, and avoid upper-abdominal needling during pregnancy after the third month.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST20, p. 55", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 20", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st20.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Pregnancy and chest, back, and abdomen safety, pp. 20 and 24", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "South Africa Government Gazette, Acupuncture Safety Guidelines", "reference": "Abdominal organ depth and anatomical variation, pp. 14 and 21", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-21", "name": "Liángmén", "hanzi": "梁门", "english": "Beam Gate", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5969, "y": 0.5222, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 4 B-cun above the umbilicus and 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Upper abdominal point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Harmonizes the middle burner; descends rebellious Stomach qi; checks diarrhea.", "indications": "Epigastric pain; vomiting; poor appetite; abdominal fullness.", "secondaryIndications": "Loose stools or diarrhea; digestive rumbling.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular only where anatomy permits; superficial or horizontal on the right", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid abdominal moxibustion during pregnancy unless specifically assessed by a qualified practitioner.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "On the right, ST-21 may overlie the gallbladder, so official guidance calls for superficial or horizontal insertion. Upper-abdominal needling should also be avoided during pregnancy after the third month.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST21, p. 56", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 21", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st21.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Care with points over organ tissue, p. 13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Pregnancy and chest, back, and abdomen safety, pp. 20 and 24", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "South Africa Government Gazette, Acupuncture Safety Guidelines", "reference": "ST21 gallbladder and abdominal organ safety, pp. 14 and 21", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-22", "name": "Guānmén", "hanzi": "关门", "english": "Pass Gate", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6041, "y": 0.5387, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 3 B-cun above the umbilicus and 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Abdominal point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Regulates intestinal qi; relieves abdominal constraint; supports urination.", "indications": "Abdominal pain or distention; diarrhea; intestinal rumbling.", "secondaryIndications": "Edema; difficult urination.", "depth": "Anatomy-led insertion; fixed depth is not a substitute for assessment of the abdominal wall and underlying organs", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid abdominal moxibustion during pregnancy unless specifically assessed by a qualified practitioner.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Upper-abdominal organ depth varies by anatomy. Avoid deep insertion, and avoid upper-abdominal needling during pregnancy after the third month.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST22, p. 56", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 22", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st22.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Pregnancy and chest, back, and abdomen safety, pp. 20 and 24", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "South Africa Government Gazette, Acupuncture Safety Guidelines", "reference": "Abdominal organ depth and anatomical variation, pp. 14 and 21", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-23", "name": "Tàiyǐ", "hanzi": "太乙", "english": "Supreme Unity", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6113, "y": 0.5553, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 2 B-cun above the umbilicus and 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Abdominal Stomach channel point traditionally associated with phlegm affecting the spirit.", "actions": "Transforms phlegm; calms the spirit; harmonizes the middle burner.", "indications": "Irritability; manic agitation in traditional presentations.", "secondaryIndications": "Protruding tongue.", "depth": "Anatomy-led insertion; fixed depth is not a substitute for assessment of the abdominal wall and underlying organs", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid abdominal moxibustion during pregnancy unless specifically assessed by a qualified practitioner.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Upper-abdominal organ depth varies by anatomy. Avoid deep insertion, and avoid upper-abdominal needling during pregnancy after the third month.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST23, p. 57", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 23", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st23.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Pregnancy and chest, back, and abdomen safety, pp. 20 and 24", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "South Africa Government Gazette, Acupuncture Safety Guidelines", "reference": "Abdominal organ depth and anatomical variation, pp. 14 and 21", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-24", "name": "Huáròumén", "hanzi": "滑肉门", "english": "Slippery Flesh Gate", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.616, "y": 0.5734, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 1 B-cun above the umbilicus and 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Abdominal Stomach channel point traditionally associated with phlegm and spirit disturbance.", "actions": "Transforms phlegm; calms the spirit; harmonizes the middle burner.", "indications": "Vomiting; manic agitation in traditional presentations.", "secondaryIndications": "Stiff or protruding tongue.", "depth": "Anatomy-led insertion; fixed depth is not a substitute for assessment of the abdominal wall and underlying organs", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid abdominal moxibustion during pregnancy unless specifically assessed by a qualified practitioner.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Upper-abdominal organ depth varies by anatomy. Avoid deep insertion, and avoid upper-abdominal needling during pregnancy after the third month.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST24, p. 57", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 24", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st24.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Pregnancy and chest, back, and abdomen safety, pp. 20 and 24", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "South Africa Government Gazette, Acupuncture Safety Guidelines", "reference": "Abdominal organ depth and anatomical variation, pp. 14 and 21", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-25", "name": "Tiānshū", "hanzi": "天枢", "english": "Celestial Pivot", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6198, "y": 0.5922, "location": "On the abdomen, 2 B-cun lateral to the center of the umbilicus.", "attributes": "Front-mu point of the Large Intestine.", "actions": "Regulates the intestines; harmonizes the Spleen and Stomach; drains dampness; moves abdominal qi and blood.", "indications": "Constipation; diarrhea; abdominal pain or distention; dysentery.", "secondaryIndications": "Irregular menstruation; abdominal masses or stagnation.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "A checked point-specific source advises no moxibustion during pregnancy; broader use was not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Moxibustion is not advised during pregnancy in the checked clinical reference; abdominal treatment during pregnancy requires qualified assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST25, p. 58", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 25", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st25.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Pregnancy precautions, p. 13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-26", "name": "Wàilíng", "hanzi": "外陵", "english": "Outer Mound", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6236, "y": 0.6109, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 1 B-cun below the umbilicus and 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Lower abdominal point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Regulates qi; relieves pain.", "indications": "Lower abdominal pain; hernia-type groin pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Menstrual pain.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid lower-abdominal moxibustion during pregnancy.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This lower abdominal point requires special care during pregnancy, particularly in the first and last trimesters.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST26, p. 58", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 26", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st26.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Pregnancy precautions, p. 13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-27", "name": "Dàjù", "hanzi": "大巨", "english": "Big Gigantic", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6274, "y": 0.6297, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 2 B-cun below the umbilicus and 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Lower abdominal point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Regulates lower abdominal and Stomach qi; supports urination; traditionally strengthens essence.", "indications": "Lower abdominal pain or distention; difficult urination; hernia-type pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Spermatorrhea; premature ejaculation; erectile difficulty in traditional patterns.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid lower-abdominal moxibustion during pregnancy.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This lower abdominal point requires special care during pregnancy, particularly in the first and last trimesters.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST27, p. 59", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 27", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st27.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Pregnancy precautions, p. 13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-28", "name": "Shuǐdào", "hanzi": "水道", "english": "Water Passage", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6312, "y": 0.6484, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 3 B-cun below the umbilicus and 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Lower abdominal point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Opens water pathways; promotes urination; regulates lower-burner qi; reduces stagnation.", "indications": "Difficult urination; lower abdominal distention.", "secondaryIndications": "Menstrual pain; infertility in traditional patterns; constipation; hernia-type pain.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid lower-abdominal moxibustion during pregnancy.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This lower abdominal point requires special care during pregnancy, particularly in the first and last trimesters.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST28, p. 59", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 28", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st28.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Pregnancy precautions, p. 13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-29", "name": "Guīlái", "hanzi": "归来", "english": "Return", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.635, "y": 0.6671, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 4 B-cun below the umbilicus and 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Lower abdominal point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Regulates menstruation; moves blood stasis in the lower burner.", "indications": "Irregular or absent menstruation; uterine prolapse; vaginal discharge.", "secondaryIndications": "Hernia-type groin pain; lower abdominal pain.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid lower-abdominal moxibustion during pregnancy.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This lower abdominal point requires special care during pregnancy, particularly in the first and last trimesters.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST29, p. 60", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 29", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st29.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Pregnancy precautions, p. 13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-30", "name": "Qìchōng", "hanzi": "气冲", "english": "Penetrating Qi", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6391, "y": 0.6859, "location": "In the groin, level with the upper border of the pubic symphysis, 2 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline and over the femoral artery.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Stomach channel and Penetrating vessel; Sea of Water and Grain point.", "actions": "Regulates the lower burner and Penetrating vessel; settles counterflow qi in the abdomen.", "indications": "Groin or lower abdominal pain; hernia-type pain; menstrual irregularity.", "secondaryIndications": "Genital swelling; erectile difficulty; agitation with upward-rushing qi.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular with strict vessel avoidance", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid direct moxibustion over the femoral artery and avoid lower-abdominal moxibustion during pregnancy.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The femoral artery lies beneath this point and must be avoided. As a lower abdominal and groin point, it also requires pregnancy-specific assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST30, p. 60", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 30", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st30.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Major vessel and pregnancy precautions, pp. 11-13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Direct moxibustion over large vessels and circulatory-system safety, pp. 23 and 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "ST-31", "name": "Bìguān", "hanzi": "髀关", "english": "Thigh Gate", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6445, "y": 0.7044, "location": "On the anterior thigh, at the deepest point of the triangular depression between the proximal rectus femoris, sartorius, and tensor fasciae latae.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point at the hip and proximal thigh.", "actions": "Opens channel obstruction; dispels wind-damp; relieves hip and thigh pain.", "indications": "Hip or thigh pain; weakness, numbness, or reduced movement of the leg.", "secondaryIndications": "Low back or knee pain; post-stroke lower-limb weakness in traditional use.", "depth": "1.0-2.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST31, p. 61", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 31", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st31.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-32", "name": "Fútù", "hanzi": "伏兔", "english": "Crouching Rabbit", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6499, "y": 0.723, "location": "On the anterolateral thigh, on the line from the lateral patellar base to the anterior superior iliac spine, 6 B-cun above the patellar base.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point on the thigh.", "actions": "Opens the leg channel; dispels wind-damp; relieves pain and weakness.", "indications": "Thigh or knee pain; weakness or paralysis of the leg.", "secondaryIndications": "Cold pain involving the lower back and knee.", "depth": "1.0-2.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST32, p. 62", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 32", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st32.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-33", "name": "Yīnshì", "hanzi": "阴市", "english": "Yin Market", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6553, "y": 0.7416, "location": "On the anterolateral thigh, lateral to the rectus femoris tendon and 3 B-cun above the base of the patella.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point above the knee.", "actions": "Warms and frees the leg channel; dispels wind-damp; relieves pain.", "indications": "Cold or painful knee and thigh; restricted movement of the leg.", "secondaryIndications": "Lower abdominal pain or distention; hernia-type pain.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST33, p. 62", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 33", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st33.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-34", "name": "Liángqiū", "hanzi": "梁丘", "english": "Beam Mound", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6607, "y": 0.7601, "location": "On the anterolateral thigh, between vastus lateralis and the lateral border of the rectus femoris tendon, 2 B-cun above the patellar base.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Relieves acute Stomach pain; redirects rebellious qi; activates the knee channel.", "indications": "Sudden epigastric pain; acute breast pain or inflammation.", "secondaryIndications": "Knee swelling or pain; lower-limb weakness.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST34, p. 63", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 34", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st34.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-35", "name": "Dúbí", "hanzi": "犊鼻", "english": "Calf's Nose", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6661, "y": 0.7787, "location": "At the anterior knee, in the depression lateral to the patellar ligament; it is easiest to locate with the knee flexed.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point at the lateral knee hollow.", "actions": "Activates the knee channel; dispels wind-damp; reduces swelling and pain.", "indications": "Knee pain or swelling.", "secondaryIndications": "Knee stiffness or limited flexion.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique toward the joint space", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid suppurative or direct scarring moxibustion near the knee joint.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point is adjacent to the knee joint. Sterile technique, controlled direction, and assessment for joint disease are required.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST35, p. 63", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 35", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st35.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Care with points at joints, p. 13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Moxibustion near joints, p. 23", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "ST-36", "name": "Zúsānlǐ", "hanzi": "足三里", "english": "Leg Three Miles", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6722, "y": 0.7973, "location": "On the anterior leg, on the line from ST-35 to ST-41, 3 B-cun below ST-35 on the tibialis anterior muscle.", "attributes": "He-sea and Earth point of the Stomach; command point of the abdomen; Sea of Water and Grain point.", "actions": "Strengthens qi and blood; harmonizes the Spleen and Stomach; supports defensive qi; activates the leg channel.", "indications": "Abdominal pain or distention; nausea; vomiting; poor appetite; diarrhea or constipation.", "secondaryIndications": "Fatigue; weakness; dizziness; knee or leg pain; cough or wheezing in deficiency patterns.", "depth": "1.0-2.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST36, p. 64", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 36", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st36.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-37", "name": "Shàngjùxū", "hanzi": "上巨虚", "english": "Great Upper Hollow", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.677, "y": 0.8158, "location": "On the anterior leg, on the line from ST-35 to ST-41, 6 B-cun below ST-35 on the tibialis anterior muscle.", "attributes": "Lower he-sea point of the Large Intestine; Sea of Blood point.", "actions": "Regulates the intestines; clears damp-heat; harmonizes digestion; relieves lower-leg pain.", "indications": "Abdominal pain; diarrhea; dysentery; constipation; intestinal rumbling.", "secondaryIndications": "Leg weakness, numbness, or pain; traditional use for appendiceal-region pain.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST37, p. 64", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 37", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st37.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-38", "name": "Tiáokǒu", "hanzi": "条口", "english": "Narrow Opening", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6824, "y": 0.8344, "location": "On the anterior leg, on the line from ST-35 to ST-41, 8 B-cun below ST-35 on the tibialis anterior muscle.", "attributes": "Regional Stomach channel point on the lower leg; traditionally linked with shoulder mobility.", "actions": "Activates the channels; removes obstruction; relieves pain in the shoulder and leg.", "indications": "Shoulder pain or restricted movement; lower-leg pain or weakness.", "secondaryIndications": "Foot swelling; leg numbness or spasm.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST38, p. 65", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 38", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st38.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-39", "name": "Xiàjùxū", "hanzi": "下巨虚", "english": "Lower Great Hollow", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6878, "y": 0.853, "location": "On the anterior leg, on the line from ST-35 to ST-41, 9 B-cun below ST-35 on the tibialis anterior muscle.", "attributes": "Lower he-sea point of the Small Intestine; Sea of Blood point.", "actions": "Regulates Small Intestine qi; clears damp-heat; relieves lower abdominal and leg pain.", "indications": "Lower abdominal pain; diarrhea; dysentery; intestinal disorder.", "secondaryIndications": "Low back pain extending to the groin; leg weakness, numbness, or pain.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST39, p. 65", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 39", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st39.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-40", "name": "Fēnglóng", "hanzi": "丰隆", "english": "Abundant Bulge", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6919, "y": 0.8686, "location": "On the anterolateral leg, at the lateral border of tibialis anterior and 8 B-cun above the prominence of the lateral malleolus.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Transforms phlegm and dampness; eases cough and wheezing; calms the spirit; activates the leg channel.", "indications": "Cough with phlegm; wheezing; headache; dizziness.", "secondaryIndications": "Agitation; seizure disorders in traditional use; leg weakness or pain.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST40, p. 66", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 40", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st40.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-41", "name": "Jiěxī", "hanzi": "解溪", "english": "Stream Divide", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6913, "y": 0.8738, "location": "At the center of the anterior ankle joint, between the extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus tendons.", "attributes": "Jing-river and Fire point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Clears Stomach channel heat; calms agitation; activates the ankle channel; relieves pain.", "indications": "Ankle pain; weakness or numbness of the lower leg and foot.", "secondaryIndications": "Headache; dizziness; abdominal distention; constipation; agitation in traditional patterns.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid suppurative or direct scarring moxibustion near the ankle joint.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point is at the ankle joint among extensor tendons; insertion requires careful tendon and joint assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST41, p. 66", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 41", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st41.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Care with points at joints, p. 13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Moxibustion near joints, p. 23", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "ST-42", "name": "Chōngyáng", "hanzi": "冲阳", "english": "Rushing Yang", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6908, "y": 0.8791, "location": "On the dorsum of the foot, at the joint between the second metatarsal base and intermediate cuneiform, over the dorsalis pedis artery.", "attributes": "Yuan-source point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Harmonizes the Stomach; clears channel heat; calms agitation; relieves pain on the foot and face.", "indications": "Epigastric pain; abdominal distention; swelling or pain on the dorsum of the foot.", "secondaryIndications": "Facial swelling; toothache; deviation of the mouth or eye.", "depth": "0.2-0.5 cun perpendicular with strict vessel avoidance", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources; avoid direct moxibustion over the dorsalis pedis artery.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The dorsalis pedis artery lies beneath this point and must be palpated and avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST42, p. 67", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 42", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st42.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Direct moxibustion over large vessels and circulatory-system safety, pp. 23 and 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition", "reference": "Dorsalis pedis artery and vascular injury prevention, p. 4", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "ST-43", "name": "Xiàngǔ", "hanzi": "陷谷", "english": "Sunken Valley", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6903, "y": 0.8843, "location": "On the dorsum of the foot, between the second and third metatarsals, in the depression proximal to the second metatarsophalangeal joint.", "attributes": "Shu-stream and Wood point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Regulates the Stomach, Spleen, and intestines; resolves dampness.", "indications": "Weak upper eyelids or difficulty opening the eyes; swelling or pain on the dorsum of the foot.", "secondaryIndications": "Facial or generalized edema.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular or oblique", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST43, p. 67", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 43", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st43.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-44", "name": "Nèitíng", "hanzi": "内庭", "english": "Inner Courtyard", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6897, "y": 0.8895, "location": "On the dorsum of the foot, between the second and third toes, just behind the web margin at the border of red and white skin.", "attributes": "Ying-spring and Water point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Clears heat from the Stomach channel; drains intestinal damp-heat; relieves pain.", "indications": "Upper toothache; sore throat; nosebleed; deviation of the mouth.", "secondaryIndications": "Epigastric pain; abdominal distention; constipation; swelling or pain of the foot.", "depth": "0.5-0.8 cun perpendicular or oblique", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST44, p. 68", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 44", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st44.htm" } ] }, { "id": "ST-45", "name": "Lìduì", "hanzi": "厉兑", "english": "Sick Mouth", "meridian": "ST", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6892, "y": 0.8947, "location": "On the lateral side of the second toe's distal phalanx, 0.1 f-cun proximal-lateral to the lateral corner of the toenail.", "attributes": "Jing-well and Metal point of the Stomach channel.", "actions": "Clears intense heat from the Stomach channel; calms the spirit; restores alertness in traditional emergency use.", "indications": "Facial swelling; toothache; sore throat; nosebleed.", "secondaryIndications": "Nightmares; agitation or manic behavior in traditional use.", "depth": "0.1 cun shallow subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "ST45, p. 68", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Stomach 45", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/stomach/st45.htm" } ] }, { "id": "SP-1", "name": "Yǐnbái", "hanzi": "隐白", "english": "Hidden White", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.671, "y": 0.8948, "location": "On the medial side of the great toe, 0.1 cun proximal to the medial corner of the toenail, where the nail base meets its medial border.", "attributes": "Jing-well and Wood point of the Spleen channel.", "actions": "Supports the Spleen in containing blood; clears heat; revives consciousness.", "indications": "Heavy uterine bleeding; blood in the stool; abdominal distension; sudden loss of consciousness.", "secondaryIndications": "Agitation; nightmares; excessive menstrual flow.", "depth": "0.1 cun shallow perpendicular insertion or brief pricking", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP1, p. 70", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-1: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-1.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-2", "name": "Dàdū", "hanzi": "大都", "english": "Great Metropolis", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.656, "y": 0.887, "location": "On the medial side of the great toe, in the depression just distal to the first metatarsophalangeal joint at the border of the plantar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Ying-spring and Fire point of the Spleen channel.", "actions": "Clears channel heat; strengthens digestive transformation; settles the middle burner.", "indications": "Abdominal bloating; epigastric discomfort; loose stools; pain at the great toe.", "secondaryIndications": "Restlessness with fever; heaviness of the limbs.", "depth": "0.1–0.3 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP2, p. 70", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-2: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-2.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-3", "name": "Tàibái", "hanzi": "太白", "english": "Supreme White", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.641, "y": 0.8793, "location": "On the medial foot, in the depression immediately proximal to the first metatarsophalangeal joint at the border of the plantar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Shu-stream, Yuan-source and Earth point of the Spleen channel.", "actions": "Tonifies Spleen qi; transforms dampness; harmonizes the stomach and intestines.", "indications": "Poor appetite; abdominal distension; loose stools; fatigue with limb heaviness.", "secondaryIndications": "Vomiting; constipation; medial foot pain.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP3, p. 71", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-3: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-3.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-4", "name": "Gōngsūn", "hanzi": "公孙", "english": "Grandfather Grandson", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6353, "y": 0.8466, "location": "On the medial foot, anteroinferior to the base of the first metatarsal, in the palpable depression at the border of the plantar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Spleen channel and confluent point of the Chong vessel.", "actions": "Regulates the Chong vessel; harmonizes the stomach; moves qi in the abdomen.", "indications": "Epigastric pain; nausea; vomiting; abdominal fullness; irregular menstruation.", "secondaryIndications": "Diarrhoea; palpitations associated with digestive discomfort; medial foot pain.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP4, p. 71", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-4: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-4.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-5", "name": "Shāngqiū", "hanzi": "商丘", "english": "Shang Mound", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6304, "y": 0.8119, "location": "On the medial ankle, in the depression anteroinferior to the medial malleolus, midway between the malleolar prominence and the navicular tuberosity.", "attributes": "Jing-river and Metal point of the Spleen channel.", "actions": "Strengthens Spleen transport; resolves dampness; benefits the ankle and sinews.", "indications": "Ankle pain; abdominal distension; diarrhoea; reduced appetite.", "secondaryIndications": "Tongue stiffness; excessive sleepiness; discomfort along the medial foot.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked moxibustion reference", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP5, p. 72", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-5: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-5.html" }, { "document": "Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion, 1st edition", "reference": "SP5, p. 150: moxibustion applicable; depth in this source is not used", "url": "https://archive.org/details/XinnongChengChineseAcupunctureAndMoxibustion1" } ] }, { "id": "SP-6", "name": "Sānyīnjiāo", "hanzi": "三阴交", "english": "Three Yin Intersection", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5944, "y": 0.8344, "location": "On the medial leg, immediately posterior to the medial border of the tibia, 3 cun above the prominence of the medial malleolus.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Spleen, Liver and Kidney channels.", "actions": "Strengthens the Spleen; resolves dampness; regulates menstruation and the lower burner; calms the spirit.", "indications": "Menstrual irregularity; pelvic discomfort; digestive weakness; urinary difficulty; insomnia.", "secondaryIndications": "Medial leg pain; oedema; dizziness associated with blood deficiency.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Listed as applicable in the checked moxibustion reference; pregnancy use requires specialist clinical judgment", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Traditionally contraindicated during pregnancy because it is used to influence the uterus and labour. Pregnancy evidence is mixed, so this point should not be presented for self-treatment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP6, p. 72", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "The safety of obstetric acupuncture: forbidden points revisited", "reference": "Discussion of SP6 among traditionally forbidden points", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" }, { "document": "Safety in Clinical Practice", "reference": "p. 12: SP6 pregnancy caution", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-6: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-6.html" }, { "document": "Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion, 1st edition", "reference": "SP6, p. 150: moxibustion applicable; depth in this source is not used", "url": "https://archive.org/details/XinnongChengChineseAcupunctureAndMoxibustion1" } ] }, { "id": "SP-7", "name": "Lòugǔ", "hanzi": "漏谷", "english": "Dripping Valleys", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6251, "y": 0.7435, "location": "On the medial leg, immediately posterior to the medial border of the tibia, 6 cun above the prominence of the medial malleolus and 3 cun above SP-6.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Spleen channel on the medial lower leg.", "actions": "Supports Spleen qi; drains dampness; promotes fluid movement in the lower burner.", "indications": "Abdominal distension; intestinal rumbling; difficult urination; swelling of the lower leg.", "secondaryIndications": "Weakness or numbness along the medial leg.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Restricted: classical sources conflict, and the CNT Manual places SP-7 in its limited-use moxa category", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Moxibustion guidance for SP-7 is inconsistent across traditions. The CNT Manual recommends limiting moxa to circumstances where a trained practitioner judges that the benefit outweighs the risk.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP7, p. 73", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-7: Actions, Indications, Needling and classical moxa conflict", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-7.html" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition, February 2024 revision", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: SP7 category B", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "SP-8", "name": "Dìjī", "hanzi": "地机", "english": "Earth Pivot", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.632, "y": 0.7114, "location": "On the medial leg, immediately posterior to the medial border of the tibia and 3 cun below SP-9, at the junction of the upper one third and lower two thirds of the line from the patellar apex to the medial malleolus.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Spleen channel.", "actions": "Regulates blood and menstruation; relieves acute pain; strengthens the Spleen and clears dampness.", "indications": "Acute menstrual pain; irregular bleeding; abdominal pain; diarrhoea.", "secondaryIndications": "Urinary difficulty; oedema; medial leg discomfort.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked moxibustion reference", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP8, p. 73", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-8: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-8.html" }, { "document": "Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion, 1st edition", "reference": "SP8, p. 151: moxibustion applicable; depth in this source is not used", "url": "https://archive.org/details/XinnongChengChineseAcupunctureAndMoxibustion1" } ] }, { "id": "SP-9", "name": "Yīnlíngquán", "hanzi": "阴陵泉", "english": "Yin Mound Spring", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6363, "y": 0.6794, "location": "On the medial leg, in the depression formed by the inferior border of the medial tibial condyle and the posterior border of the tibia.", "attributes": "He-sea and Water point of the Spleen channel.", "actions": "Drains dampness; opens water passages; benefits the lower burner and medial knee.", "indications": "Oedema; difficult urination; diarrhoea; abdominal fullness; medial knee pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Genital discomfort; heaviness of the body; loss of appetite.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP9, p. 74", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-9: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-9.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-10", "name": "Xuèhǎi", "hanzi": "血海", "english": "Sea of Blood", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6187, "y": 0.6483, "location": "On the anteromedial thigh, on the prominence of vastus medialis, 2 cun above the medial end of the base of the patella.", "attributes": "Major Spleen-channel point traditionally associated with regulation of blood.", "actions": "Cools and invigorates blood; regulates menstruation; benefits the skin.", "indications": "Irregular menstruation; painful periods; uterine bleeding; itchy or inflamed skin.", "secondaryIndications": "Medial knee and thigh pain; fixed abdominal pain.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP10, p. 74", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-10: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-10.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-11", "name": "Jīmén", "hanzi": "箕门", "english": "Winnowing Gate", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6012, "y": 0.6171, "location": "On the medial thigh, between sartorius and adductor longus and directly over the femoral artery, at the upper-third junction of the line from the medial patellar base to SP-12.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Spleen channel on the proximal medial thigh.", "actions": "Promotes urination; clears damp-heat from the lower burner; relaxes the local channel.", "indications": "Urinary difficulty; groin discomfort; swelling or pain of the medial thigh.", "secondaryIndications": "Genital itching; lower abdominal fullness.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular after locating and avoiding the femoral artery", "moxibustion": "Applicable; vascular caution applies to needling", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO identifies SP-11 as a potentially dangerous point near the femoral artery. Arterial puncture and deep blind needling must be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP11, p. 75", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2 Other points and circulatory system, pp. 25–26", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-11: Actions, Indications, Needling and femoral-artery caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-11.html" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition, February 2024 revision", "reference": "Bruising and Bleeding, p. 5; Appendix C, pp. 240–241", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "SP-12", "name": "Chōngmén", "hanzi": "冲门", "english": "Rushing Gate", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5977, "y": 0.5829, "location": "In the groin on the inguinal crease, immediately lateral to the femoral artery and level with CV-2.", "attributes": "Spleen-channel point in the inguinal region.", "actions": "Moves qi and blood in the lower abdomen; clears damp-heat; benefits the groin.", "indications": "Groin pain; lower abdominal pain; urinary difficulty; genital discomfort.", "secondaryIndications": "Pain extending toward the groin; abdominal masses.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular, with direction controlled to avoid femoral vessels and nerve", "moxibustion": "Applicable; vascular and nerve caution applies to needling", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO lists SP-12 as potentially dangerous because it lies beside the femoral artery. Avoid vascular puncture and deep blind insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP12, p. 75", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2 Other points and circulatory system, pp. 25–26", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-12: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling and femoral-structure caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-12.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-13", "name": "Fǔshè", "hanzi": "府舍", "english": "Abode of the Fu", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5998, "y": 0.5474, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 4.3 cun below the centre of the umbilicus and 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Spleen-channel point of the lower abdomen.", "actions": "Regulates lower-abdominal qi and eases pain associated with local stagnation.", "indications": "Lower abdominal pain; constipation; diarrhoea; groin discomfort.", "secondaryIndications": "Abdominal masses; painful menstruation.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular; reduce depth in thin patients", "moxibustion": "The point reference lists moxibustion as applicable; pregnancy needling restrictions are stated separately", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Do not needle the lower abdomen during pregnancy. In all patients, excessive depth may endanger abdominal structures.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP13, p. 76", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Sections 4.2.2–4.2.3, p. 7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-13: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling and peritoneal caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-13.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-14", "name": "Fùjié", "hanzi": "腹结", "english": "Abdomen Knot", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6019, "y": 0.5119, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 1.3 cun below the centre of the umbilicus and 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Spleen-channel point of the lateral lower abdomen.", "actions": "Warms the lower burner, regulates qi and redirects counterflow.", "indications": "Constipation; diarrhoea; abdominal pain; distension around the lower abdomen.", "secondaryIndications": "Umbilical pain; fixed abdominal fullness.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular; reduce depth in thin patients", "moxibustion": "The point reference lists moxibustion as applicable; pregnancy needling restrictions are stated separately", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Do not needle the lower abdomen during pregnancy. Control depth carefully to protect underlying abdominal structures.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP14, p. 76", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Sections 4.2.2–4.2.3, p. 7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-14: Actions, Indications, Needling and peritoneal caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-14.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-15", "name": "Dàhéng", "hanzi": "大横", "english": "Great Horizontal", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.604, "y": 0.4764, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 4 cun lateral to the centre of the umbilicus, level with CV-8.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Spleen channel with the Yin Linking vessel.", "actions": "Regulates the intestines; moves abdominal qi; clears dampness.", "indications": "Constipation; diarrhoea; abdominal distension; pain around the umbilicus.", "secondaryIndications": "Cold sensation in the abdomen; limb heaviness.", "depth": "0.7–1.2 cun perpendicular; reduce depth in thin patients", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point overlies the abdominal cavity. Needling depth must be adjusted to body build and kept under professional control to avoid organ injury.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP15, p. 77", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2 Chest, back and abdomen, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-15: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling and abdominal-organ caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-15.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-16", "name": "Fù'āi", "hanzi": "腹哀", "english": "Abdomen's Sorrow", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6067, "y": 0.441, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 3 cun above the centre of the umbilicus and 4 cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Spleen channel with the Yin Linking vessel.", "actions": "Regulates intestinal function and relieves upper-abdominal digestive discomfort.", "indications": "Upper abdominal pain; indigestion; constipation; diarrhoea.", "secondaryIndications": "Reduced appetite; abdominal fullness after eating.", "depth": "0.7–1.2 cun perpendicular; reduce depth in thin patients", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point lies over the upper abdominal cavity. Excessive depth may injure internal organs, especially in a thin patient.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP16, p. 77", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2 Chest, back and abdomen, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-16: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling and abdominal-organ caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-16.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-17", "name": "Shídòu", "hanzi": "食窦", "english": "Food Cavity", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6098, "y": 0.4055, "location": "On the anterior chest, in the fifth intercostal space, 6 cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Spleen-channel point in the fifth intercostal space.", "actions": "Promotes digestion and disperses retained food or fluid in the middle burner.", "indications": "Chest fullness; cough; shortness of breath; discomfort below the breast.", "secondaryIndications": "Abdominal distension; sudden thirst.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun transverse or oblique along the intercostal space", "moxibustion": "Applicable with caution", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Deep perpendicular insertion in the chest can penetrate pleura or lung and cause pneumothorax. Use only shallow, chest-wall-aligned technique by a trained professional.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP17, p. 78", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2 Lung and pleura, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-17: Actions, Indications, Needling, moxa and pneumothorax caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-17.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-18", "name": "Tiānxī", "hanzi": "天溪", "english": "Heavenly Stream", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.613, "y": 0.37, "location": "On the anterior chest, in the fourth intercostal space, 6 cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Spleen-channel point in the fourth intercostal space.", "actions": "Opens the chest; regulates qi; traditionally benefits the breast.", "indications": "Chest tightness; cough; breast pain or swelling; shortness of breath.", "secondaryIndications": "Pain along the lateral chest wall.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun transverse or oblique along the intercostal space", "moxibustion": "Applicable with caution", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Deep perpendicular needling can cause pneumothorax. The separate general prohibition on puncturing the nipple or areola applies only when those structures overlap the intended site.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP18, p. 78", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Sections II, 5.1 and 5.2 Lung and pleura, pp. 24–25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-18: Actions, Indications, Needling, moxa and pneumothorax caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-18.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-19", "name": "Xiōngxiāng", "hanzi": "胸乡", "english": "Chest Village", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6186, "y": 0.3347, "location": "On the anterior chest, in the third intercostal space, 6 cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Spleen-channel point in the third intercostal space.", "actions": "Spreads chest qi; relieves fullness; supports descending Lung qi.", "indications": "Chest pain; cough; shortness of breath; a sensation of fullness in the chest.", "secondaryIndications": "Pain radiating toward the lateral ribs.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun transverse or oblique along the intercostal space", "moxibustion": "Applicable with caution", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Deep perpendicular insertion may enter the pleural cavity and cause pneumothorax. Needling must remain shallow and parallel to the chest wall.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP19, p. 79", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2 Lung and pleura, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-19: Actions, Indications, Needling, moxa and pneumothorax caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-19.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-20", "name": "Zhōuróng", "hanzi": "周荣", "english": "Encircling Glory", "meridian": "SP", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6249, "y": 0.2993, "location": "On the anterior chest, in the second intercostal space, 6 cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Spleen-channel point in the second intercostal space.", "actions": "Opens the chest; redirects rebellious qi; eases fullness beneath the ribs.", "indications": "Cough; chest pain; shortness of breath; rib-side fullness.", "secondaryIndications": "Reduced appetite accompanied by chest oppression.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun transverse or oblique along the intercostal space", "moxibustion": "Applicable with caution", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The point overlies the thorax. Deep perpendicular insertion can injure pleura or lung and produce pneumothorax.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP20, p. 79", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2 Lung and pleura, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-20: Actions, Indications, Needling, moxa and pneumothorax caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-20.html" } ] }, { "id": "SP-21", "name": "Dàbāo", "hanzi": "大包", "english": "Great Enveloping", "meridian": "SP", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4126, "y": 0.264, "location": "On the lateral chest, in the sixth intercostal space on the midaxillary line.", "attributes": "Great Luo-connecting point of the Spleen.", "actions": "Regulates qi and blood throughout the connecting vessels; unbinds the chest; benefits the lateral ribs.", "indications": "Generalized aching; weakness of the limbs; pain or fullness of the lateral chest.", "secondaryIndications": "Cough; shortness of breath; flaccidity of the joints.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun transverse or oblique along the intercostal space", "moxibustion": "Applicable with caution", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Deep insertion at the midaxillary chest can penetrate pleura or lung and cause pneumothorax. Keep any professional needling shallow and aligned with the chest wall.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SP21, p. 80", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2 Lung and pleura, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SP-21: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling, moxa and pneumothorax caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SP-21.html" } ] }, { "id": "HT-1", "name": "Jíquán", "hanzi": "极泉", "english": "Summit Spring", "meridian": "HT", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6224, "y": 0.264, "location": "In the centre of the axillary fossa, directly over the axillary artery.", "attributes": "First point of the Heart channel, situated in the axilla.", "actions": "Unbinds the chest; regulates Heart qi; activates the channel through the arm.", "indications": "Chest or precordial discomfort; palpitations; pain of the shoulder and medial arm.", "secondaryIndications": "Dry throat; reduced arm movement; axillary discomfort.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun, carefully directed away from the axillary artery", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked point reference; arterial caution pertains to needling", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO locates HT-1 over the axillary artery. Avoid arterial puncture and deep blind needling in the axilla, where major vessels and nerves are present.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "HT1, p. 82", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Section 4.2.3, p. 7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "HT-1: Actions, Indications, Needling, moxa and axillary-artery caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/HT-1.html" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition, February 2024 revision", "reference": "Bruising and Bleeding, p. 5; Appendix C, pp. 240–241", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "HT-2", "name": "Qīnglíng", "hanzi": "青灵", "english": "Green Spirit", "meridian": "HT", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6732, "y": 0.286, "location": "On the medial upper arm, immediately medial to biceps brachii, 3 cun above the cubital crease.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Heart channel on the medial upper arm.", "actions": "Moves channel qi; relieves pain; clears constraint from the chest.", "indications": "Pain in the shoulder or medial arm; restricted arm movement; chest discomfort.", "secondaryIndications": "Headache; yellowing of the eyes.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun oblique along the arm, with the brachial artery identified and avoided", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked point reference", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "HT-2 is listed by the CNT Manual as requiring advanced anatomical skill. A point reference also directs the needle away from the brachial artery.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "HT2, p. 82", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "HT-2: Actions, Indications, Needling, moxa and brachial-artery caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/HT-2.html" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition, February 2024 revision", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: HT2 category A", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "HT-3", "name": "Shàohǎi", "hanzi": "少海", "english": "Lesser Sea", "meridian": "HT", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.7239, "y": 0.3079, "location": "At the anteromedial elbow, just anterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus and level with the cubital crease.", "attributes": "He-sea and Water point of the Heart channel.", "actions": "Clears Heart heat; transforms phlegm; calms the spirit; benefits the elbow.", "indications": "Elbow and medial arm pain; palpitations; agitation; tremor.", "secondaryIndications": "Forgetfulness; swollen lymph nodes in the neck or axilla.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Conflicting traditional guidance: some checked references permit moxa, while others restrict it to exceptional use", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Point references disagree on moxibustion at HT-3. Do not present moxa as routine; selection belongs to a trained practitioner.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "HT3, p. 83", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "HT-3: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling and moxa disagreement", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/HT-3.html" } ] }, { "id": "HT-4", "name": "Língdào", "hanzi": "灵道", "english": "Spirit Path", "meridian": "HT", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.7743, "y": 0.3297, "location": "On the anteromedial forearm, immediately radial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, 1.5 cun proximal to the palmar wrist crease.", "attributes": "Jing-river and Metal point of the Heart channel.", "actions": "Regulates Heart rhythm; calms the spirit; benefits the voice and channel.", "indications": "Palpitations; anxiety; wrist or forearm pain; sudden loss of voice.", "secondaryIndications": "Tongue stiffness; elbow spasm.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "HT4, p. 83", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "HT-4: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/HT-4.html" } ] }, { "id": "HT-5", "name": "Tōnglǐ", "hanzi": "通里", "english": "Penetrating the Interior", "meridian": "HT", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8078, "y": 0.3463, "location": "On the anteromedial forearm, radial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, 1 cun proximal to the palmar wrist crease.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Heart channel.", "actions": "Regulates Heart qi; calms the spirit; benefits the tongue and speech.", "indications": "Palpitations; anxiety; speech difficulty; tongue stiffness.", "secondaryIndications": "Wrist pain; sudden hoarseness; excessive uterine bleeding.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "HT5, p. 84", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "HT-5: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/HT-5.html" } ] }, { "id": "HT-6", "name": "Yīnxì", "hanzi": "阴郄", "english": "Yin Cleft", "meridian": "HT", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8412, "y": 0.3629, "location": "On the anteromedial forearm, radial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon, 0.5 cun proximal to the palmar wrist crease.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Heart channel.", "actions": "Nourishes Heart yin; clears deficiency heat; calms acute Heart-channel symptoms.", "indications": "Night sweating; palpitations; anxiety; sudden chest discomfort.", "secondaryIndications": "Nosebleed; loss of voice; wrist pain.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "HT6, p. 84", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "HT-6: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/HT-6.html" } ] }, { "id": "HT-7", "name": "Shénmén", "hanzi": "神门", "english": "Spirit Gate", "meridian": "HT", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8747, "y": 0.3795, "location": "On the anteromedial wrist crease, in the depression radial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon and proximal to the pisiform.", "attributes": "Shu-stream and Yuan-source point of the Heart channel.", "actions": "Calms the spirit; nourishes Heart blood and yin; regulates Heart qi.", "indications": "Insomnia; anxiety; palpitations; poor memory; restlessness.", "secondaryIndications": "Wrist pain; dry throat; sudden loss of voice.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked point reference", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The ulnar artery and ulnar nerve lie adjacent to HT-7. Palpate the vessel, avoid direct puncture, and apply pressure if bleeding or bruising occurs.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "HT7, p. 85", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "HT-7: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling, moxa and ulnar-structure caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/HT-7.html" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition, February 2024 revision", "reference": "Bruising and Bleeding, p. 5: HT7 ulnar artery", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "HT-8", "name": "Shàofǔ", "hanzi": "少府", "english": "Lesser Mansion", "meridian": "HT", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.9, "y": 0.4082, "location": "On the palm, in the depression between the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, just proximal to the fifth metacarpophalangeal joint.", "attributes": "Ying-spring and Fire point of the Heart channel.", "actions": "Clears Heart fire; calms agitation; benefits the tongue and urination.", "indications": "Palpitations; restlessness; mouth or tongue ulcers; painful urination.", "secondaryIndications": "Palm pain; genital itching; excessive thirst.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked point reference", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "HT8, p. 85", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "HT-8: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/HT-8.html" } ] }, { "id": "HT-9", "name": "Shàochōng", "hanzi": "少冲", "english": "Lesser Rushing", "meridian": "HT", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.9246, "y": 0.4378, "location": "On the radial side of the little finger, 0.1 cun proximal to the radial corner of the nail, where the nail base meets its radial border.", "attributes": "Jing-well and Wood point of the Heart channel.", "actions": "Clears Heart heat; revives consciousness; opens the sensory portals.", "indications": "Sudden loss of consciousness; high fever; chest pain; palpitations.", "secondaryIndications": "Agitation; sore throat; pain at the little finger.", "depth": "0.1 cun shallow perpendicular insertion or brief pricking", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "HT9, p. 86", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "HT-9: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/HT-9.html" } ] }, { "id": "SI-1", "name": "Shàozé", "hanzi": "少泽", "english": "Lesser Marsh", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.0754, "y": 0.4378, "location": "On the ulnar side of the little finger, 0.1 cun proximal to the ulnar corner of the nail, where the nail base meets its ulnar border.", "attributes": "Jing-well and Metal point of the Small Intestine channel.", "actions": "Clears heat; revives consciousness; opens the sensory portals; traditionally benefits lactation.", "indications": "High fever; sudden loss of consciousness; sore throat; breast swelling or low milk flow.", "secondaryIndications": "Headache; eye redness; pain at the little finger.", "depth": "0.1 cun shallow perpendicular insertion or brief pricking", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI1, p. 88", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-1: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-1.html" } ] }, { "id": "SI-2", "name": "Qiángǔ", "hanzi": "前谷", "english": "Front Valley", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.0939, "y": 0.4155, "location": "On the ulnar side of the little finger, in the depression distal to the fifth metacarpophalangeal joint at the border of the palmar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Ying-spring and Water point of the Small Intestine channel.", "actions": "Clears heat; reduces swelling; benefits the ears, eyes and throat.", "indications": "Sore throat; red eyes; ear pain; fever; little-finger pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Neck swelling; nasal congestion.", "depth": "0.2–0.3 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI2, p. 88", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-2: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-2.html" } ] }, { "id": "SI-3", "name": "Hòuxī", "hanzi": "后溪", "english": "Back Stream", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.1124, "y": 0.3933, "location": "On the ulnar dorsum of the hand, in the depression proximal to the fifth metacarpophalangeal joint at the border of the palmar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Shu-stream and Wood point of the Small Intestine channel; confluent point of the Governing vessel.", "actions": "Benefits the spine and neck; clears heat; calms the spirit; opens the Governing vessel.", "indications": "Neck stiffness; upper back pain; headache; fever; finger or hand pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Night sweating; agitation; ringing in the ears.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI3, p. 89", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-3: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-3.html" } ] }, { "id": "SI-4", "name": "Wàngǔ", "hanzi": "腕骨", "english": "Wrist Bone", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.1338, "y": 0.3753, "location": "On the posteromedial wrist, in the depression between the base of the fifth metacarpal and the triquetrum, at the border of the palmar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Yuan-source point of the Small Intestine channel.", "actions": "Clears damp-heat; benefits the wrist and channel; supports fluid transformation.", "indications": "Wrist pain; finger stiffness; jaundice; fever; headache.", "secondaryIndications": "Neck pain; reduced appetite; flank discomfort.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI4, p. 89", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-4: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-4.html" } ] }, { "id": "SI-5", "name": "Yánggǔ", "hanzi": "阳谷", "english": "Yang Valley", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.159, "y": 0.3628, "location": "On the posteromedial wrist, in the depression between the triquetrum and the ulnar styloid process.", "attributes": "Jing-river and Fire point of the Small Intestine channel.", "actions": "Clears heat; calms the spirit; benefits the wrist, ears and jaw.", "indications": "Wrist pain; ear symptoms; jaw swelling; fever; agitation.", "secondaryIndications": "Neck pain; hand weakness; visual disturbance.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI5, p. 90", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-5: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-5.html" } ] }, { "id": "SI-6", "name": "Yǎnglǎo", "hanzi": "养老", "english": "Support the Aged", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.1841, "y": 0.3503, "location": "On the posteromedial forearm, in the depression radial to the head of the ulna, 1 cun proximal to the dorsal wrist crease.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Small Intestine channel.", "actions": "Relieves acute channel pain; benefits the shoulder and arm; supports the eyes.", "indications": "Sudden shoulder or arm pain; wrist pain; blurred vision; weakness of the hand.", "secondaryIndications": "Neck stiffness; lumbar discomfort.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun oblique or perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI6, p. 90", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-6: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-6.html" } ] }, { "id": "SI-7", "name": "Zhīzhèng", "hanzi": "支正", "english": "Branch of the Upright", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.2093, "y": 0.3379, "location": "On the posteromedial forearm, between the medial border of the ulna and flexor carpi ulnaris, 5 cun proximal to the dorsal wrist crease.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Small Intestine channel.", "actions": "Clears upper-burner heat; releases the exterior; opens the channel; calms the spirit.", "indications": "Neck or elbow pain; finger stiffness; anxiety; febrile illness.", "secondaryIndications": "Warts; visual disturbance; weakness of the elbow or fingers.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI7, p. 91", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-7: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-7.html" } ] }, { "id": "SI-8", "name": "Xiǎohǎi", "hanzi": "小海", "english": "Small Sea", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.2362, "y": 0.3228, "location": "On the posteromedial elbow, in the depression between the olecranon and medial epicondyle, within the groove for the ulnar nerve.", "attributes": "He-sea and Earth point of the Small Intestine channel.", "actions": "Clears heat; reduces swelling; benefits the elbow; settles the spirit.", "indications": "Medial elbow pain; tingling into the little finger; neck swelling; agitation.", "secondaryIndications": "Headache; hearing difficulty; seizure patterns in traditional use.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun, avoiding direct contact with the ulnar nerve", "moxibustion": "Applicable with professional caution", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO places SI-8 in the ulnar nerve groove. Direct nerve contact can cause an electric sensation or injury, so forceful or deep insertion must be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI8, p. 91", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Section 4.2.3 and Annex 2.7 Nerve injury", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-8: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling and ulnar-nerve caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-8.html" } ] }, { "id": "SI-9", "name": "Jiānzhēn", "hanzi": "肩贞", "english": "True Shoulder", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.2669, "y": 0.3019, "location": "On the posterior shoulder, 1 cun above the posterior axillary fold and posterior to the deltoid when the arm rests by the side.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Small Intestine channel at the posterior shoulder.", "actions": "Activates the channel; benefits the shoulder joint; disperses local swelling.", "indications": "Shoulder pain; limited arm elevation; pain along the posterior upper arm.", "secondaryIndications": "Axillary swelling; tingling or weakness of the arm.", "depth": "Point texts describe 0.5–1.0 cun, but thoracic safety guidance requires patient-specific shallow oblique insertion", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked point reference", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "SI-9 has been associated with reported pneumothorax events. Do not use deep or perpendicular insertion; assess body build and keep the needle shallow and oblique away from pleura and lung.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI9, p. 92", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-9: Actions, Indications, Needling and moxa", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-9.html" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition, February 2024 revision", "reference": "Pneumothorax, pp. 10–12: SI9 event association and thoracic depth/angle guidance", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "SI-10", "name": "Nàoshù", "hanzi": "臑俞", "english": "Upper Arm Shu", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.2976, "y": 0.2811, "location": "On the posterior shoulder, directly above the posterior axillary fold, in the depression inferior to the scapular spine.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Small Intestine, Bladder, Yang Linking and Yang Motility channels.", "actions": "Benefits the shoulder; activates the channel; reduces local swelling.", "indications": "Shoulder pain; weakness of the upper arm; restricted shoulder movement.", "secondaryIndications": "Scapular pain; swelling around the shoulder.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Restricted: the CNT Manual places SI-10 in its limited-use moxa category", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Moxibustion at SI-10 is not presented as routine. Use is limited to cases where a trained practitioner judges that the specific benefit outweighs the risk.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI10, p. 92", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-10: Command Functions, Actions, Indications and Needling", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-10.html" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition, February 2024 revision", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: SI10 category B", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "SI-11", "name": "Tiānzōng", "hanzi": "天宗", "english": "Heavenly Gathering", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3283, "y": 0.2602, "location": "In the infraspinous region of the scapula, at the junction of the upper third and lower two thirds of a line from the midpoint of the scapular spine to the inferior angle.", "attributes": "Major local point of the Small Intestine channel on the scapula.", "actions": "Moves qi in the chest and scapula; relieves pain; traditionally benefits the breast.", "indications": "Scapular pain; shoulder stiffness; pain radiating into the arm; breast discomfort.", "secondaryIndications": "Chest fullness; cough.", "depth": "Superficial oblique insertion only; do not rely on the scapula as a continuous bony shield", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked point reference", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "A congenital scapular foramen may leave the thorax unprotected beneath SI-11. Use superficial oblique technique and avoid deep perpendicular insertion toward pleura or lung.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI11, p. 93", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-11: Actions, Indications, Needling and moxa", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-11.html" }, { "document": "Safety in Clinical Practice", "reference": "p. 12: SI11 and possible scapular foramen", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "Safety Guidelines: Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture", "reference": "Section 4.2, p. 13: SI11 superficial or oblique needling due to congenital foramen", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "SI-12", "name": "Bǐngfēng", "hanzi": "秉风", "english": "Grasping the Wind", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3577, "y": 0.2454, "location": "In the supraspinous fossa of the scapula, directly above the midpoint of the scapular spine.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Triple Energizer and Gall Bladder channels.", "actions": "Expels wind from the channel; benefits the shoulder and scapula; relieves pain.", "indications": "Shoulder pain; inability to raise the arm; scapular aching.", "secondaryIndications": "Numbness of the upper limb; stiffness across the upper back.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun oblique medially; avoid deep perpendicular insertion", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked point reference", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The checked point reference warns that deep perpendicular insertion at SI-12 can cause pneumothorax, particularly in a thin patient.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI12, p. 93", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-12: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling, moxa and pneumothorax caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-12.html" } ] }, { "id": "SI-13", "name": "Qūyuán", "hanzi": "曲垣", "english": "Crooked Wall", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3811, "y": 0.257, "location": "In the scapular region, in the depression immediately superior to the medial end of the scapular spine, midway between SI-10 and the T2 spinous process.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Small Intestine channel near the medial scapular border.", "actions": "Relaxes the sinews; activates the shoulder channel; relieves upper back pain.", "indications": "Pain between the scapula and spine; shoulder stiffness; difficulty lifting the arm.", "secondaryIndications": "Neck tightness; aching across the upper thorax.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun oblique, kept superficial to the thoracic cage", "moxibustion": "Applicable with caution", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This upper-back point is close to the thoracic cage. WHO warns that overly deep needling on the back can injure pleura or lung and cause pneumothorax.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI13, p. 94", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2 Chest, back and lung/pleura, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-13: Actions, Indications, Needling, moxa and lung caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-13.html" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition, February 2024 revision", "reference": "Pneumothorax, pp. 10–12: SI13 event association", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "SI-14", "name": "Jiānwàishù", "hanzi": "肩外俞", "english": "Outer Shoulder Shu", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4061, "y": 0.2551, "location": "On the upper back, 3 cun lateral to the posterior midline, level with the inferior border of the T1 spinous process.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Small Intestine channel on the upper thoracic back.", "actions": "Activates the channel; relaxes the shoulder girdle; relieves pain of the upper back.", "indications": "Scapular pain; neck stiffness; shoulder pain; limited upper-limb movement.", "secondaryIndications": "Cold sensation across the upper back.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun oblique, directed along the back rather than into the thorax", "moxibustion": "Applicable with caution", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Deep perpendicular needling in the upper thoracic back can enter the pleural cavity. Use a shallow oblique direction under trained supervision.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI14, p. 94", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2 Chest, back and lung/pleura, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-14: Actions, Indications, Needling, moxa and pneumothorax caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-14.html" } ] }, { "id": "SI-15", "name": "Jiānzhōngshù", "hanzi": "肩中俞", "english": "Middle Shoulder Shu", "meridian": "SI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4337, "y": 0.233, "location": "On the upper back, 2 cun lateral to the posterior midline, level with the inferior border of the C7 spinous process.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Small Intestine channel at the cervicothoracic junction.", "actions": "Benefits the neck and shoulder; descends Lung qi; clears channel heat.", "indications": "Neck and shoulder pain; cough; shortness of breath; blurred vision.", "secondaryIndications": "Upper back stiffness; febrile chills.", "depth": "0.3–0.6 cun oblique, directed away from the thoracic cavity", "moxibustion": "Applicable with caution", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "At the cervicothoracic junction, excessive perpendicular depth can endanger pleura or lung. Professional needling should remain shallow and oblique.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI15, p. 95", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2 Chest, back and lung/pleura, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-15: Actions, Indications, Needling, moxa and pneumothorax caution", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-15.html" } ] }, { "id": "SI-16", "name": "Tiānchuāng", "hanzi": "天窗", "english": "Heavenly Window", "meridian": "SI", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5359, "y": 0.2129, "location": "On the side of the neck, posterior to sternocleidomastoid and level with the superior border of the thyroid cartilage.", "attributes": "Window of Heaven point of the Small Intestine channel.", "actions": "Benefits the throat and ears; regulates qi in the neck; clears sensory obstruction.", "indications": "Sore throat; sudden voice change; ear symptoms; neck stiffness.", "secondaryIndications": "Headache; jaw swelling; reduced shoulder movement.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun shallow perpendicular insertion", "moxibustion": "Applicable with professional caution", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The lateral neck contains major vessels and nerve trunks. Depth and direction must be tightly controlled; deep or medial insertion is unsafe.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI16, p. 95", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Section 4.2.3, p. 7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-16: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling and moxa", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-16.html" }, { "document": "Safety in Clinical Practice", "reference": "p. 12: SI16 as a vulnerable neck point", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "SI-17", "name": "Tiānróng", "hanzi": "天容", "english": "Heavenly Appearance", "meridian": "SI", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4919, "y": 0.2021, "location": "On the side of the neck, posterior to the angle of the mandible, in the depression anterior to sternocleidomastoid.", "attributes": "Window of Heaven point of the Small Intestine channel.", "actions": "Benefits the ears and throat; reduces swelling; regulates qi descending through the neck.", "indications": "Ear pain or ringing; sore throat; neck swelling; difficulty swallowing.", "secondaryIndications": "Jaw pain; headache; reduced hearing.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun shallow perpendicular insertion", "moxibustion": "Applicable with professional caution", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point is anterior to sternocleidomastoid in a region containing major cervical vessels and nerves. Avoid deep, forceful or medially directed insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI17, p. 96", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Section 4.2.3, p. 7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-17: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling and moxa", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-17.html" }, { "document": "Safety in Clinical Practice", "reference": "p. 12: SI17 as a vulnerable neck point", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "Safety Guidelines: Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture", "reference": "Section 4.2, p. 13: SI17 over baroreceptors", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "SI-18", "name": "Quánliáo", "hanzi": "颧髎", "english": "Cheek Bone Crevice", "meridian": "SI", "view": "head", "x": 0.7033, "y": 0.4406, "location": "On the face, in the depression directly below the outer canthus and inferior to the zygomatic bone.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Small Intestine and Triple Energizer channels.", "actions": "Dispels facial wind; clears heat and swelling; relieves facial pain.", "indications": "Facial pain; facial weakness; twitching of the eyelid or cheek; toothache.", "secondaryIndications": "Swelling of the cheek; yellowing of the eyes.", "depth": "0.5–0.7 cun perpendicular or oblique", "moxibustion": "Direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face; other methods remain practitioner-dependent", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Do not apply direct or scarring moxa to SI-18. Point references differ on other moxa methods, so the app does not present them as routine.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI18, p. 96", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-18: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling and moxa disagreement", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-18.html" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition, February 2024 revision", "reference": "Moxa Best Practice Guidelines, pp. 104–110; Appendix C, pp. 240–241", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "SI-19", "name": "Tīnggōng", "hanzi": "听宫", "english": "Palace of Hearing", "meridian": "SI", "view": "head", "x": 0.8422, "y": 0.4531, "location": "On the face, in the depression between the centre of the tragus and the mandibular condyle, located with the mouth slightly open.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Small Intestine, Triple Energizer and Gall Bladder channels.", "actions": "Benefits hearing; clears heat from the ear; relaxes the jaw.", "indications": "Tinnitus; reduced hearing; ear pain; temporomandibular discomfort.", "secondaryIndications": "Toothache; facial pain; a blocked sensation in the ear.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular with the mouth slightly open", "moxibustion": "Indirect moxa may be used by a trained practitioner; direct or scarring moxa is avoided on the face", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The point reference permits moxibustion, but the CNT Manual prohibits direct or scarring moxa on the face. Do not treat that general facial restriction as a ban on every indirect method.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "SI19, p. 97", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "SI-19: Command Functions, Actions, Indications, Needling and moxa", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/SI-19.html" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th edition, February 2024 revision", "reference": "Moxa Best Practice Guidelines, pp. 104–110: no direct or scarring moxa on the face", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "BL-1", "name": "Jīngmíng", "hanzi": "睛明", "english": "Bright Eyes", "meridian": "BL", "view": "head", "x": 0.5911, "y": 0.405, "location": "At the medial orbit, in the hollow just above and toward the nose from the inner corner of the eye.", "attributes": "Crossing point of the Bladder, Small Intestine, and Stomach channels and the Yin and Yang Motility vessels.", "actions": "Traditionally clears wind and heat and supports visual function.", "indications": "Reference uses include red or painful eyes, blurred vision, excessive tearing, and night blindness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include itching around the eye and difficulty opening the eyelids.", "depth": "0.3-0.7 cun slowly along the medial orbital wall; specialist-only technique without vigorous manipulation", "moxibustion": "Contraindicated at this point", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The point lies beside the eyeball. WHO specifically identifies BL-1 as requiring special skill, and ophthalmology reports document hemorrhage, globe injury, and lasting visual harm after periocular needling.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL1, p. 100", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 1", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub1.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 1: indications, specialist method, forbidden moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_1460220" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, pp. 24-25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Ophthalmologic Adverse Events of Acupuncture", "reference": "Periocular needling discussion and Table 3, BL1", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10270772/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-2", "name": "Cuánzhú", "hanzi": "攒竹", "english": "Bamboo Gathering", "meridian": "BL", "view": "head", "x": 0.5944, "y": 0.3781, "location": "In the palpable hollow at the medial end of the eyebrow, above the inner corner of the eye.", "attributes": "Local point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel in the supraorbital region.", "actions": "Traditionally disperses wind, clears the eyes, and eases local pain.", "indications": "Reference uses include frontal headache, eye redness, tearing, blurred vision, and eyebrow pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include sinus pressure, facial twitching, and eyelid swelling.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous; any longer transverse technique is specialist-only", "moxibustion": "No moxa; direct moxibustion is also avoided on the face", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "BL-2 is a periocular point. Keep insertion superficial and within trained clinical practice; reported periocular injuries include hemorrhage, globe penetration, and permanent visual loss.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL2, p. 100", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 2", "reference": "English name, indications, functions, needling and no-moxa statement", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub2.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 2: indications, method, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_8104948" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.1-5.2, direct moxa on the face and periocular precautions", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Ophthalmologic Adverse Events of Acupuncture", "reference": "Periocular needling discussion and Table 3, BL2", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10270772/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-3", "name": "Méichōng", "hanzi": "眉冲", "english": "Eyebrow Ascension", "meridian": "BL", "view": "head", "x": 0.5944, "y": 0.3, "location": "On the scalp, directly above the frontal notch, 0.5 body-cun behind the anterior hairline.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel on the frontal scalp.", "actions": "Traditionally settles internal wind, opens the nose, and clears the head.", "indications": "Reference uses include frontal headache, nasal blockage, dizziness, and seizure patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include eye discomfort and reduced sense of smell.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "No point-specific moxa instruction was found in the checked open point sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL3, p. 101", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 3", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub3.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 3: indications, method and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_1632803" } ] }, { "id": "BL-4", "name": "Qūchā", "hanzi": "曲差", "english": "Crooked Turn", "meridian": "BL", "view": "head", "x": 0.6333, "y": 0.3, "location": "On the frontal scalp, 0.5 body-cun superior to the anterior hairline and 1.5 body-cun from the midline.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel on the frontal scalp.", "actions": "Traditionally clears the head, benefits the eyes, and opens the nasal passages.", "indications": "Reference uses include frontal headache, nasal congestion, eye pain, and visual disturbance.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include nosebleed and reduced smell.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa in the checked point source", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL4, p. 101", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 4", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub4.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 4: indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_0598260" } ] }, { "id": "BL-5", "name": "Wǔchù", "hanzi": "五处", "english": "Fifth Place", "meridian": "BL", "view": "head", "x": 0.6311, "y": 0.2594, "location": "On the scalp, 1 body-cun behind the anterior hairline and 1.5 body-cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel on the frontal scalp.", "actions": "Traditionally clears wind, brightens the eyes, and calms agitation.", "indications": "Reference uses include headache, dizziness, blurred vision, and seizure patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include neck stiffness and nasal obstruction.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa in the checked point source", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL5, p. 102", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 5", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub5.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 5: indications, method and moxibustion", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_7280334" } ] }, { "id": "BL-6", "name": "Chéngguāng", "hanzi": "承光", "english": "Receiving Light", "meridian": "BL", "view": "head", "x": 0.6222, "y": 0.2125, "location": "On the scalp, 2.5 body-cun behind the anterior hairline and 1.5 body-cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel on the parietal scalp.", "actions": "Traditionally clears the head, opens the nose, and supports the eyes.", "indications": "Reference uses include headache, visual dimness, nasal blockage, and dizziness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include vomiting and a sense of heat in the head.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "No point-specific moxa instruction was found in the checked open point sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL6, p. 102", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 6", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub6.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 6: indications, method, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_1565977" } ] }, { "id": "BL-7", "name": "Tōngtiān", "hanzi": "通天", "english": "Celestial Connection", "meridian": "BL", "view": "head", "x": 0.6056, "y": 0.1719, "location": "On the scalp, 4 body-cun behind the anterior hairline and 1.5 body-cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel near the vertex.", "actions": "Traditionally opens the sensory portals, clears the head, and regulates the nose.", "indications": "Reference uses include vertex headache, nasal obstruction, dizziness, and reduced smell.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include nosebleed and a heavy sensation of the head.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa in the checked point source", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL7, p. 103", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 7", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub7.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 7: indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_9927492" } ] }, { "id": "BL-8", "name": "Luòquè", "hanzi": "络却", "english": "Declining Connection", "meridian": "BL", "view": "head", "x": 0.5778, "y": 0.1406, "location": "On the scalp, 5.5 body-cun behind the anterior hairline and 1.5 body-cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel on the posterior parietal scalp.", "actions": "Traditionally extinguishes wind, clears the head, and calms the spirit.", "indications": "Reference uses include headache, dizziness, tinnitus, and seizure patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include visual disturbance and neck stiffness.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "No point-specific moxa instruction was found in the checked open point sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL8, p. 103", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 8", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub8.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 8: indications, method, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_8298978" } ] }, { "id": "BL-9", "name": "Yùzhěn", "hanzi": "玉枕", "english": "Jade Pillow", "meridian": "BL", "view": "head", "x": 0.5722, "y": 0.2438, "location": "On the occiput, level with the top border of the external occipital protuberance and 1.3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel on the occipital scalp.", "actions": "Traditionally disperses wind, clears the head, and benefits the eyes and nose.", "indications": "Reference uses include occipital headache, neck pain, nasal blockage, and eye pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include dizziness and reduced smell.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa in the checked point source", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL9, p. 104", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 9", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub9.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 9: indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_6794934" } ] }, { "id": "BL-10", "name": "Tiānzhù", "hanzi": "天柱", "english": "Celestial Pillar", "meridian": "BL", "view": "head", "x": 0.6222, "y": 0.65, "location": "At the back of the neck, level with the upper edge of the C2 spinous process, in the hollow just lateral to trapezius.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel in the upper cervical region.", "actions": "Traditionally releases the neck, clears wind, and benefits the head and sensory organs.", "indications": "Reference uses include occipital headache, neck stiffness, dizziness, and nasal congestion.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include sore throat, eye strain, and poor concentration.", "depth": "0.5-0.8 cun perpendicular or oblique; direction and depth must be selected by a trained clinician from individual cervical anatomy", "moxibustion": "No point-specific moxa instruction was found in the checked open point sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This warning is an anatomical application, not a WHO point-specific statement. BL-10 depth research and teaching sources warn against directing the needle deeply upward toward the medulla.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL10, p. 104", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 10", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions, needling and point-specific depth caution", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub10.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 10: indications, method, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_0242146" }, { "document": "An Exploration of the Needling Depth in Acupuncture", "reference": "Table 1 and section 3.1.1, BL10", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3722841/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, central nervous system", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-11", "name": "Dàzhù", "hanzi": "大杼", "english": "Great Shuttle", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.1584, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T1 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Hui-meeting point of Bone; point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel.", "actions": "Traditionally strengthens the bones, releases the exterior, and relaxes the upper back.", "indications": "Reference uses include neck stiffness, upper-back pain, cough, and feverish exterior patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include joint pain and reduced shoulder movement.", "depth": "0.5-0.7 cun oblique; individual thoracic anatomy and body build determine the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Regional WHO guidance warns that deep insertion on the back can injure lung or pleura. Point-specific teaching and thoracic depth studies support shallow oblique technique rather than deep perpendicular insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL11, p. 105", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 11", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub11.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 11: special-point role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_1985889" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-12", "name": "Fēngmén", "hanzi": "风门", "english": "Wind Gate", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.174, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T2 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Bladder and Governing Vessel channels.", "actions": "Traditionally releases exterior wind, supports Lung qi, and opens the upper back.", "indications": "Reference uses include early-stage cold symptoms, cough, fever, and neck or upper-back tension.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include nasal congestion, headache, and hives.", "depth": "0.5-0.7 cun oblique; individual thoracic anatomy and body build determine the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Regional WHO guidance warns that deep insertion on the back can injure lung or pleura. Point-specific teaching supports shallow oblique technique rather than deep perpendicular insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL12, p. 105", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 12", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub12.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 12: indications, method, moxibustion and innervation", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_5468609" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-13", "name": "Fèishù", "hanzi": "肺俞", "english": "Lung Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.1895, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T3 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Back-shu point of the Lung.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates Lung qi, supports defensive qi, and clears Lung heat.", "indications": "Reference uses include cough, wheeze, shortness of breath, and recurrent exterior illness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include night sweating, upper-back pain, and skin disorders.", "depth": "0.5-0.7 cun oblique; individual thoracic anatomy and body build determine the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "BL-13 is a thoracic back point. WHO gives a regional warning that excessive depth on the back can injure lung or pleura, while point-specific teaching supports oblique insertion; avoid deep perpendicular needling.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL13, p. 106", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 13", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and oblique needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub13.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 13: back-shu role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_6050541" }, { "document": "An Exploration of the Needling Depth in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section 3.1.4, ultrasound depth data for BL11-BL21", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3722841/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura, pp. 24-25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-14", "name": "Juéyīnshù", "hanzi": "厥阴俞", "english": "Jueyin Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.2051, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T4 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Back-shu point of the Pericardium.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the Heart, opens the chest, and calms the spirit.", "indications": "Reference uses include palpitations, chest tightness, cough, and anxiety-related restlessness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include upper-back pain and nausea linked with chest constraint.", "depth": "0.5-0.7 cun oblique; individual thoracic anatomy and body build determine the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Regional WHO guidance warns that excessive depth on the back can injure lung or pleura. Point-specific teaching supports shallow oblique technique rather than deep perpendicular insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL14, p. 106", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 14", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub14.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 14: back-shu role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_9523348" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-15", "name": "Xīnshù", "hanzi": "心俞", "english": "Heart Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.2206, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T5 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Back-shu point of the Heart.", "actions": "Traditionally nourishes and regulates the Heart and settles the spirit.", "indications": "Reference uses include palpitations, insomnia, poor memory, chest discomfort, and agitation.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include night sweating, dream-disturbed sleep, and upper-back pain.", "depth": "0.5-0.7 cun oblique; individual thoracic anatomy and body build determine the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Regional WHO guidance warns that excessive depth on the back can injure lung or pleura. Point-specific teaching supports shallow oblique technique rather than deep perpendicular insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL15, p. 107", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 15", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub15.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 15: back-shu role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_5797983" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-16", "name": "Dūshù", "hanzi": "督俞", "english": "Governing Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.2361, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T6 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Regional Bladder-channel point named for the Governing Vessel.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates Heart qi, opens the chest, and relaxes the back.", "indications": "Reference uses include chest discomfort, palpitations, abdominal pain, and thoracic stiffness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include cough, hiccup, and skin itching.", "depth": "0.5-0.7 cun oblique; individual thoracic anatomy and body build determine the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Regional WHO guidance warns that excessive depth on the back can injure lung or pleura. Point-specific teaching supports shallow oblique technique rather than deep perpendicular insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL16, p. 107", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 16", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub16.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 16: method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_1104010" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-17", "name": "Géshù", "hanzi": "膈俞", "english": "Diaphragm Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.2515, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T7 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Hui-meeting point of Blood.", "actions": "Traditionally moves and nourishes blood, harmonizes the diaphragm, and descends rebellious qi.", "indications": "Reference uses include blood-deficiency or stasis patterns, hiccup, vomiting, and chest or rib-side pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include night sweating, itching, and thoracic stiffness.", "depth": "0.5-0.7 cun oblique toward the spine; safe depth varies with sex, angle, side, and individual thoracic anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Regional WHO guidance warns of lung and pleural injury from excessive back needling. Point-specific research shows depth changes with anatomy and angle, so a fixed deep perpendicular approach is unsafe.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL17, p. 108", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 17", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and oblique needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub17.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 17: special-point role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_1124682" }, { "document": "An Exploration of the Needling Depth in Acupuncture", "reference": "Table 1 and section 3.1.1, BL17", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3722841/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-18", "name": "Gānshù", "hanzi": "肝俞", "english": "Liver Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.267, "location": "On the back, level with the lower edge of the T9 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Back-shu point of the Liver.", "actions": "Traditionally spreads Liver qi, nourishes Liver blood, and benefits the eyes and sinews.", "indications": "Reference uses include rib-side discomfort, eye disorders, dizziness, menstrual irregularity, and tendon tightness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include irritability, seizure patterns, and back pain.", "depth": "0.5-0.7 cun oblique toward the spine; safe depth varies with side, body size, and individual thoracoabdominal anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO gives a regional warning for pleura and upper abdominal organs. BL-18 depth research shows side and body-size variation; avoid deep perpendicular or laterally directed insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL18, p. 108", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 18", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and oblique needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub18.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 18: back-shu role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_9655874" }, { "document": "An Exploration of the Needling Depth in Acupuncture", "reference": "Table 1 and section 3.1.1, BL18 side and body-size findings", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3722841/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest, back and abdomen", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-19", "name": "Dǎnshù", "hanzi": "胆俞", "english": "Gallbladder Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.2825, "location": "On the back, level with the lower edge of the T10 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Back-shu point of the Gallbladder.", "actions": "Traditionally clears damp-heat, regulates Gallbladder qi, and relaxes the diaphragm.", "indications": "Reference uses include jaundice patterns, bitter taste, rib-side pain, nausea, and poor digestion of fats.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include alternating chills and fever and thoracic back pain.", "depth": "0.5-0.8 cun oblique toward the spine; safe depth changes substantially with angle and body anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO gives a regional warning for pleura and upper abdominal organs. BL-19 research found marked angle-related depth variation; avoid a fixed deep perpendicular technique.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL19, p. 109", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 19", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and oblique needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub19.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 19: back-shu role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_6145687" }, { "document": "An Exploration of the Needling Depth in Acupuncture", "reference": "Table 1 and section 3.1.1, BL19 angle-related depth variation", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3722841/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest, back and abdomen", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-20", "name": "Píshù", "hanzi": "脾俞", "english": "Spleen Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.2981, "location": "On the back, level with the lower edge of the T11 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Back-shu point of the Spleen.", "actions": "Traditionally strengthens Spleen qi, transforms dampness, and supports blood production.", "indications": "Reference uses include poor appetite, loose stool, abdominal bloating, fatigue, and chronic bleeding patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include edema, muscle weakness, and back pain.", "depth": "0.5-0.7 cun oblique toward the spine; select depth from individual lower-thoracic anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO gives a regional warning for pleura and upper abdominal organs. BL-20 depth studies do not support one universal safe depth, so technique must be individualized.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL20, p. 109", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 20", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and oblique needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub20.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 20: back-shu role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_3283628" }, { "document": "An Exploration of the Needling Depth in Acupuncture", "reference": "Table 1 and section 3.1.1, BL20", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3722841/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest, back and abdomen", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-21", "name": "Wèishù", "hanzi": "胃俞", "english": "Stomach Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.3137, "location": "On the back, level with the lower edge of the T12 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Back-shu point of the Stomach.", "actions": "Traditionally harmonizes the Stomach, descends rebellious qi, and strengthens digestion.", "indications": "Reference uses include epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and abdominal distension.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include infantile food accumulation and thoracolumbar pain.", "depth": "0.5-0.8 cun oblique; use individualized anatomy at the T12/subcostal transition", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point lies at the lower thoracic and subcostal transition. WHO provides a regional organ-injury warning; it does not name BL-21 specifically, so depth must be based on individual anatomy.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL21, p. 110", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 21", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and oblique needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub21.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 21: back-shu role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and subcostal vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_4839095" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest, back and abdomen", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-22", "name": "Sānjiāoshù", "hanzi": "三焦俞", "english": "Sanjiao Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.3293, "location": "In the lumbar region, level with the lower edge of the L1 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Back-shu point of the Sanjiao.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates fluid pathways, transforms dampness, and supports source qi.", "indications": "Reference uses include edema, difficult urination, abdominal bloating, diarrhea, and low-back pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include nausea and leg weakness.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular only after assessment of body build and upper-lumbar organ depth", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO gives a regional kidney-injury warning rather than naming BL-22. Because upper-lumbar organ depth varies, avoid fixed deep insertion and reduce depth for thin patients.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL22, p. 110", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 22", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub22.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 22: back-shu role, indications, method, moxibustion and upper-lumbar anatomy", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_3963382" }, { "document": "An Exploration of the Needling Depth in Acupuncture", "reference": "Sections 3.1.2-3.1.5, body-build and angle dependence for back points", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3722841/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, liver, spleen and kidney", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-23", "name": "Shènshù", "hanzi": "肾俞", "english": "Kidney Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.345, "location": "In the lumbar region, level with the lower edge of the L2 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Back-shu point of the Kidney.", "actions": "Traditionally tonifies Kidney qi and essence, supports the low back, and regulates urination.", "indications": "Reference uses include chronic low-back weakness, urinary disorders, reproductive deficiency patterns, tinnitus, and fatigue.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include edema, asthma linked with Kidney deficiency, and poor memory.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular, individualized to BMI, soft-tissue thickness, and kidney depth", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "BL-23 is included in an ultrasound database of high-risk points. WHO warns that deep lumbar needling can injure the kidney; use anatomy- and body-build-specific depth.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL23, p. 111", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 23", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub23.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 23: back-shu role, indications, method, moxibustion and lumbar anatomy", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_0992296" }, { "document": "Development of an Acupuncture Point Imaging Database", "reference": "Table 1 and discussion, BL23 high-risk imaging point", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5741397/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, liver, spleen and kidney", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-24", "name": "Qìhǎishù", "hanzi": "气海俞", "english": "Sea of Qi Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.3606, "location": "In the lumbar region, level with the lower edge of the L3 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Regional point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel named for the Sea of Qi.", "actions": "Traditionally strengthens qi, regulates the lower burner, and eases the lumbar region.", "indications": "Reference uses include low-back pain, menstrual irregularity, abdominal discomfort, and hemorrhoids.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include leg weakness and fatigue.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular, reduced when body build or renal anatomy gives a smaller safety margin", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "BL-24 is at L3. Standard renal anatomy places the kidneys from T12 to L3 with the lower poles against the posterior abdominal wall; this does not prove a fixed safe depth at BL-24. Assess body build and anatomy and avoid excessive insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL24, p. 111", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 24", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub24.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 24: indications, method, moxibustion and lumbar innervation", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_7357260" }, { "document": "An Exploration of the Needling Depth in Acupuncture", "reference": "Sections 3.1.2-3.1.5, individual variation in safe back-point depth", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3722841/" }, { "document": "StatPearls - Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis: Kidneys", "reference": "Gross anatomy, T12-L3 position and posterior relations of the renal lower poles", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482385/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-25", "name": "Dàchángshù", "hanzi": "大肠俞", "english": "Large Intestine Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.3765, "location": "In the lumbar region, level with the lower edge of the L4 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Back-shu point of the Large Intestine.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the intestines, clears dampness, and strengthens the low back.", "indications": "Reference uses include low-back pain, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and sciatica.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include abdominal distension and leg weakness.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular, individualized to BMI and measured soft-tissue thickness", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "BL-25 is included in imaging work on high-risk points, and CT research found soft-tissue thickness varies with BMI. Do not apply one fixed deep insertion to every patient.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL25, p. 112", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 25", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub25.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 25: back-shu role, indications, method, moxibustion and lumbar anatomy", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_0906448" }, { "document": "Development of an Acupuncture Point Imaging Database", "reference": "Table 1 and discussion, BL25 high-risk imaging point", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5741397/" }, { "document": "An Exploration of the Needling Depth in Acupuncture", "reference": "Table 2 and section 3.1.2, BL25 BMI and soft-tissue findings", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3722841/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-26", "name": "Guānyuánshù", "hanzi": "关元俞", "english": "Origin Gate Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.3925, "location": "In the lumbar region, level with the lower edge of the L5 spinous process and 1.5 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Regional point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel named for Guanyuan.", "actions": "Traditionally warms and regulates the lower burner and relieves lumbar pain.", "indications": "Reference uses include low-back pain, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, and urinary difficulty.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include menstrual irregularity and leg weakness.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular, individualized to BMI and lumbosacral soft-tissue thickness", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL26, p. 112", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 26", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub26.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 26: method, moxibustion and lumbar neurovascular anatomy", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_4384020" }, { "document": "An Exploration of the Needling Depth in Acupuncture", "reference": "Table 2 and section 3.1.2, BL26 BMI and soft-tissue findings", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3722841/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-27", "name": "Xiǎochángshù", "hanzi": "小肠俞", "english": "Small Intestine Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.4085, "location": "In the sacral region, level with the first posterior sacral foramen and 1.5 body-cun from the median sacral crest.", "attributes": "Back-shu point of the Small Intestine.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the Small Intestine, separates clear from turbid, and supports the sacrum.", "indications": "Reference uses include lower abdominal pain, urinary difficulty, diarrhea, and sacral pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include reproductive discharge patterns and sciatica.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy caution: BL-27 is within the lumbosacral region traditionally avoided throughout pregnancy. Evidence has not established that needling causes obstetric harm, but use should be limited to an obstetric-acupuncture clinician after individualized assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL27, p. 113", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 27", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub27.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 27: back-shu role, method, moxibustion and sacral neurovascular anatomy", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_6929444" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-28", "name": "Pángguāngshù", "hanzi": "膀胱俞", "english": "Bladder Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.4245, "location": "In the sacral region, level with the second posterior sacral foramen and 1.5 body-cun from the median sacral crest.", "attributes": "Back-shu point of the Bladder.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the Bladder, clears damp-heat, and benefits the sacrum.", "indications": "Reference uses include urinary frequency or retention, painful urination, low-back pain, and lower abdominal fullness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include constipation, diarrhea, and reproductive discharge patterns.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy caution: BL-28 is within the lumbosacral region traditionally avoided throughout pregnancy. Evidence has not established that needling causes obstetric harm, but use should be limited to an obstetric-acupuncture clinician after individualized assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL28, p. 113", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 28", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub28.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 28: back-shu role, method, moxibustion and sacral neurovascular anatomy", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_5318530" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-29", "name": "Zhōnglǚshù", "hanzi": "中膂俞", "english": "Central Spine Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.4404, "location": "In the sacral region, level with the third posterior sacral foramen and 1.5 body-cun from the median sacral crest.", "attributes": "Regional point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel beside the sacrum.", "actions": "Traditionally strengthens the lumbar region, regulates the lower burner, and dispels dampness.", "indications": "Reference uses include sacral pain, sciatica, diarrhea, and urinary or reproductive disorders.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include leg weakness and hernia patterns.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy caution: BL-29 is within the lumbosacral region traditionally avoided throughout pregnancy. Evidence has not established that needling causes obstetric harm, but use should be limited to an obstetric-acupuncture clinician after individualized assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL29, p. 114", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 29", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub29.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 29: indications, method, moxibustion and sacral neurovascular anatomy", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_3079460" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-30", "name": "Báihuánshù", "hanzi": "白环俞", "english": "White Ring Shu", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.46, "y": 0.4564, "location": "In the sacral region, level with the fourth posterior sacral foramen and 1.5 body-cun from the median sacral crest.", "attributes": "Regional point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel beside the lower sacrum.", "actions": "Traditionally secures the lower burner, regulates discharge, and benefits the sacrum.", "indications": "Reference uses include reproductive discharge, prolapse patterns, sacral pain, and irregular menstruation.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include urinary difficulty and sciatica.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "No point-specific moxa instruction was found; lumbosacral moxa is avoided during pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy caution: BL-30 is within the lumbosacral region traditionally avoided throughout pregnancy. Evidence has not established that needling causes obstetric harm, but use should be limited to an obstetric-acupuncture clinician after individualized assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL30, p. 114", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 30", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub30.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 30: indications, method and sacral neurovascular anatomy", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_9128934" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-31", "name": "Shàngliáo", "hanzi": "上髎", "english": "Upper Crevice", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4929, "y": 0.4679, "location": "In the first posterior sacral foramen.", "attributes": "First point of the Baliao group in the posterior sacral foramina.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the lower burner, benefits the lumbar region, and moves local qi and blood.", "indications": "Reference uses include sacral pain, sciatica, urinary difficulty, menstrual irregularity, and reproductive disorders.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include constipation and lower abdominal pain.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular at the first posterior sacral foramen; professional anatomical localization is required", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy caution: BL-31 is a sacral foramen point traditionally avoided throughout pregnancy. Evidence has not established that needling causes obstetric harm, but use should be limited to an obstetric-acupuncture clinician after individualized assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL31, p. 115", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 31", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub31.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 31: indications, method, moxibustion and first-sacral-foramen anatomy", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_2465151" }, { "document": "Development of an Acupuncture Point Imaging Database", "reference": "Table 1 and discussion, BL31 high-risk imaging point", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5741397/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-32", "name": "Cìliáo", "hanzi": "次髎", "english": "Second Crevice", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4765, "y": 0.4735, "location": "In the second posterior sacral foramen, near the midpoint between the posterior superior iliac spine and the S2 spinous process.", "attributes": "Second point of the Baliao group in the posterior sacral foramina.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates menstruation and urination, benefits the lower burner, and relieves sacral pain.", "indications": "Reference uses include painful or irregular menstruation, urinary disorders, infertility patterns, sacral pain, and sciatica.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include constipation, hemorrhoids, and lower abdominal pain.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular at the second posterior sacral foramen; professional anatomical localization is required", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy caution: BL-32 is a sacral foramen point traditionally avoided throughout pregnancy. Evidence has not established that needling causes obstetric harm, but use should be limited to an obstetric-acupuncture clinician after individualized assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL32, p. 115", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 32", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub32.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 32: indications, method, moxibustion and second-sacral-foramen anatomy", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_6742407" }, { "document": "Development of an Acupuncture Point Imaging Database", "reference": "Table 1 and discussion, BL32 high-risk imaging point", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5741397/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-33", "name": "Zhōngliáo", "hanzi": "中髎", "english": "Central Crevice", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4602, "y": 0.4791, "location": "In the third posterior sacral foramen, immediately below the second foramen.", "attributes": "Third point of the Baliao group in the posterior sacral foramina.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the lower burner, benefits urination and menstruation, and eases the sacrum.", "indications": "Reference uses include urinary difficulty, bowel dysfunction, menstrual disorders, sacral pain, and sciatica.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include reproductive discharge and lower abdominal fullness.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular at the third posterior sacral foramen; professional anatomical localization is required", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy caution: BL-33 is a sacral foramen point traditionally avoided throughout pregnancy. Evidence has not established that needling causes obstetric harm, but use should be limited to an obstetric-acupuncture clinician after individualized assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL33, p. 116", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 33", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub33.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 33: indications, method, moxibustion and third-sacral-foramen anatomy", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_6927551" }, { "document": "Development of an Acupuncture Point Imaging Database", "reference": "Table 1 and discussion, BL33 high-risk imaging point", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5741397/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-34", "name": "Xiàliáo", "hanzi": "下髎", "english": "Lower Crevice", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4509, "y": 0.4919, "location": "In the fourth posterior sacral foramen, level with the sacral hiatus.", "attributes": "Fourth point of the Baliao group in the posterior sacral foramina.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the lower burner, benefits the pelvic region, and relieves sacral pain.", "indications": "Reference uses include sacral pain, sciatica, urinary or bowel dysfunction, menstrual disorders, and reproductive discharge.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include lower abdominal pain and hemorrhoids.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular at the fourth posterior sacral foramen; professional anatomical localization is required", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy caution: BL-34 is a sacral foramen point traditionally avoided throughout pregnancy. Evidence has not established that needling causes obstetric harm, but use should be limited to an obstetric-acupuncture clinician after individualized assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL34, p. 116", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 34", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub34.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 34: indications, method, moxibustion and fourth-sacral-foramen anatomy", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_1522109" }, { "document": "Development of an Acupuncture Point Imaging Database", "reference": "Table 1 and discussion, BL34 high-risk imaging point", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5741397/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-35", "name": "Huìyáng", "hanzi": "会阳", "english": "Meeting of Yang", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4438, "y": 0.5071, "location": "In the buttock region, 0.5 body-cun lateral to the tip of the coccyx.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Bladder channel and Governing Vessel.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the lower burner, clears dampness, and benefits the coccygeal region.", "indications": "Reference uses include hemorrhoids, diarrhea, reproductive discharge, and coccyx pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include difficult urination and genital itching.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular or carefully oblique according to coccygeal anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy caution: BL-35 lies in the coccygeal part of the lumbosacral region. WHO advises avoiding lumbosacral acupuncture after the first trimester but does not name BL-35. At any stage of pregnancy, use only after individualized assessment by an obstetric-acupuncture clinician rather than treating the regional rule as proof of point-specific harm.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL35, p. 117", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 35", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub35.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 35: indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_8458036" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy; regional lumbosacral precaution", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-36", "name": "Chéngfú", "hanzi": "承扶", "english": "Receiving Support", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4367, "y": 0.5223, "location": "At the center of the gluteal fold.", "attributes": "Regional point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel at the buttock-thigh junction.", "actions": "Traditionally activates the channel, relaxes the sinews, and benefits the lumbar and leg regions.", "indications": "Reference uses include sciatica, buttock pain, posterior thigh pain, and low-back pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include hemorrhoids and difficulty sitting.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular, individualized to gluteal thickness", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and, more deeply, the sciatic nerve and accompanying vessels are described beneath this point. Avoid uncontrolled deep insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL36, p. 117", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 36", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub36.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 36: indications, method, moxibustion, sciatic innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_9927213" } ] }, { "id": "BL-37", "name": "Yīnmén", "hanzi": "殷门", "english": "Gate of Abundance", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4296, "y": 0.5375, "location": "On the back of the thigh between biceps femoris and semitendinosus, 6 body-cun below the gluteal fold.", "attributes": "Regional point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel on the posterior thigh.", "actions": "Traditionally activates the channel, relaxes the sinews, and eases the lumbar region.", "indications": "Reference uses include sciatica, posterior thigh pain, low-back pain, and leg weakness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include difficulty flexing the hip or knee.", "depth": "1.0-2.0 cun perpendicular, individualized to posterior-thigh thickness", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and deeper sciatic nerve are described beneath this point. Depth must follow individual anatomy and stop if neural symptoms occur.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL37, p. 118", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 37", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub37.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 37: indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_2678584" } ] }, { "id": "BL-38", "name": "Fúxì", "hanzi": "浮郄", "english": "Superficial Cleft", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4225, "y": 0.5527, "location": "Just medial to the biceps femoris tendon, 1 body-cun above the popliteal crease.", "attributes": "Regional point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel above the lateral popliteal fossa.", "actions": "Traditionally relaxes the sinews, clears channel heat, and relieves pain.", "indications": "Reference uses include knee pain, posterior thigh tightness, numbness, and lower abdominal urgency.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include constipation and urinary difficulty.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular with careful identification of the biceps femoris tendon", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa; avoid direct burning over vessels or tendon", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "BL-38 is near the common peroneal nerve and superolateral genicular vessels. Use controlled depth and avoid vascular or neural structures.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL38, p. 118", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 38", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub38.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 38: indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and popliteal vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_3339722" } ] }, { "id": "BL-39", "name": "Wěiyáng", "hanzi": "委阳", "english": "Supporting Yang", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4154, "y": 0.5679, "location": "On the popliteal crease, immediately medial to the biceps femoris tendon.", "attributes": "Lower he-sea point of the Sanjiao.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates fluid passages, benefits urination, and relaxes the channel.", "indications": "Reference uses include urinary difficulty, edema, lower abdominal fullness, and lateral knee pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include lumbar pain and leg cramping.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular after identifying the biceps femoris tendon and adjacent neurovascular structures", "moxibustion": "Indirect or non-scarring moxa only; direct moxa is avoided over the popliteal vessel region", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Point-specific anatomy places BL-39 beside the biceps femoris tendon and near the common peroneal nerve and genicular vessels. This is not a WHO point-specific warning; use careful localization and avoid vascular or neural structures.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL39, p. 119", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 39", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub39.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 39: special-point role, indications, method, moxibustion, common peroneal innervation and genicular vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_2186848" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.1-5.2, direct moxa near major vessels and circulatory-system precautions", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-40", "name": "Wěizhōng", "hanzi": "委中", "english": "Supporting Middle", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4083, "y": 0.5831, "location": "At the midpoint of the popliteal crease behind the knee.", "attributes": "He-sea and Earth point of the Bladder channel; traditional command point for the lumbar back.", "actions": "Traditionally clears heat, cools blood, relaxes sinews, and benefits the low back.", "indications": "Reference uses include acute low-back pain, sciatica, knee pain, leg weakness, and heat-related skin eruptions.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include abdominal pain, vomiting, and urinary difficulty.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular only with precise popliteal anatomy; avoid the popliteal vein, artery, and tibial nerve", "moxibustion": "No direct moxa over the popliteal vessels; no point-specific indirect-moxa recommendation was found", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Point-specific anatomy identifies the posterior femoral cutaneous and tibial nerves, with the popliteal vein and artery at increasing depth. Avoid vascular puncture, nerve contact, and uncontrolled deep insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL40, p. 119", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 40", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub40.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 40: special-point role, indications, method, tibial innervation and popliteal vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_5290080" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.1-5.2, direct moxa near major vessels and circulatory-system precautions", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-41", "name": "Fùfēn", "hanzi": "附分", "english": "Attached Branch", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4012, "y": 0.5983, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T2 spinous process and 3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Outer branch point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel.", "actions": "Traditionally disperses wind, opens the chest, and relaxes the shoulder and upper back.", "indications": "Reference uses include shoulder-blade pain, neck stiffness, numbness of the arm, and chest constraint.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include cough and rib-side discomfort.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique; individual thoracic anatomy determines the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Regional WHO guidance warns of lung and pleural injury from excessive back needling. Point-specific anatomy identifies thoracic nerves and vessels; use shallow technique and avoid deep perpendicular insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL41, p. 120", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 41", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub41.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 41: indications, method, moxibustion, thoracic innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_7423288" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-42", "name": "Pòhù", "hanzi": "魄户", "english": "Po Door", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3941, "y": 0.6135, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T3 spinous process and 3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Outer Bladder-channel point aligned with the Lung back-shu level.", "actions": "Traditionally supports Lung qi, settles grief-related constraint, and relaxes the upper back.", "indications": "Reference uses include cough, wheeze, shortness of breath, upper-back pain, and shoulder stiffness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include fatigue and emotional constraint associated with Lung patterns.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique; individual thoracic anatomy determines the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Regional WHO guidance warns of lung and pleural injury from excessive back needling. Point-specific teaching supports shallow oblique insertion rather than deep perpendicular technique.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL42, p. 120", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 42", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub42.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 42: indications, method, moxibustion, thoracic innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_1068174" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-43", "name": "Gāohuāng", "hanzi": "膏肓", "english": "Vitals", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3871, "y": 0.6287, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T4 spinous process and 3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Outer branch point traditionally associated with deep constitutional deficiency.", "actions": "Traditionally nourishes deficiency, supports Lung and Kidney qi, and calms the spirit.", "indications": "Reference uses include chronic cough, breathlessness, night sweating, fatigue, and poor appetite in deficiency patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include poor memory, seminal emission, and shoulder-blade pain.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique; individual thoracic anatomy determines the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa; this point is traditionally associated with moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Regional WHO guidance warns of lung and pleural injury from excessive back needling. Point-specific anatomy places this point over the thoracic cage; avoid deep perpendicular insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL43, p. 121", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 43", "reference": "English name, traditional uses, functions, needling and moxa note", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub43.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 43: indications, method, moxibustion, thoracic innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_5367032" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-44", "name": "Shéntáng", "hanzi": "神堂", "english": "Spirit Hall", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.38, "y": 0.6439, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T5 spinous process and 3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Outer Bladder-channel point aligned with the Heart back-shu level.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the Heart, calms the spirit, and opens the chest.", "indications": "Reference uses include palpitations, insomnia, anxiety, chest tightness, and upper-back pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include cough and shortness of breath.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique; individual thoracic anatomy determines the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Regional WHO guidance warns of lung and pleural injury from excessive back needling. Point-specific anatomy identifies thoracic nerves and vessels; avoid deep perpendicular insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL44, p. 121", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 44", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub44.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 44: indications, method, moxibustion, thoracic innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_7646636" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-45", "name": "Yìxǐ", "hanzi": "譩譆", "english": "Surprise", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3729, "y": 0.6591, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T6 spinous process and 3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Outer branch point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel.", "actions": "Traditionally opens the chest, regulates qi, and relieves pain in the back and shoulder.", "indications": "Reference uses include cough, wheeze, chest fullness, shoulder-blade pain, and feverish disorders.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include hiccup and abdominal distension.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique downward; individual thoracic anatomy determines the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Regional WHO guidance warns of lung and pleural injury from excessive back needling. Point-specific teaching supports shallow downward-oblique insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL45, p. 122", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 45", "reference": "Pinyin, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub45.htm" }, { "document": "eLotus CORE - Yixi BL 45", "reference": "English name and direct point record", "url": "https://www.mastertungacupuncture.org/acupuncture/traditional/points/bl45" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 45: indications, method, moxibustion, thoracic innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_8937265" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-46", "name": "Géguān", "hanzi": "膈关", "english": "Diaphragm Pass", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3658, "y": 0.6743, "location": "On the upper back, level with the lower edge of the T7 spinous process and 3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Outer Bladder-channel point aligned with the diaphragm-shu level.", "actions": "Traditionally relaxes the diaphragm, descends rebellious qi, and moves blood in the chest.", "indications": "Reference uses include hiccup, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, chest or rib-side pain, and back stiffness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include poor appetite and cough.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique; individual thoracic anatomy determines the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Regional WHO guidance warns of lung and pleural injury from excessive back needling. Point-specific teaching supports shallow oblique insertion rather than deep perpendicular technique.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL46, p. 122", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 46", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub46.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 46: indications, method, moxibustion, thoracic innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_0607588" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and back; lung and pleura", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-47", "name": "Húnmén", "hanzi": "魂门", "english": "Door of the Ethereal Soul", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3681, "y": 0.6883, "location": "On the back, level with the lower edge of the T9 spinous process and 3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Outer Bladder-channel point aligned with the Liver back-shu level.", "actions": "Traditionally spreads Liver qi, settles the ethereal soul, and relaxes the sinews.", "indications": "Reference uses include rib-side pain, emotional constraint, disturbed sleep, tendon tightness, and back pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include poor appetite and chest fullness.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique; select direction and depth from individual lower-thoracic anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO gives a regional warning for pleura and upper abdominal organs rather than naming BL-47. Point-specific anatomy identifies intercostal vessels and thoracic nerves; avoid deep insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL47, p. 123", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 47", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub47.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 47: indications, method, moxibustion, thoracic innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_1766712" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest, back and abdomen", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-48", "name": "Yánggāng", "hanzi": "阳纲", "english": "Yang Headrope", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3827, "y": 0.7006, "location": "On the back, level with the lower edge of the T10 spinous process and 3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Outer Bladder-channel point aligned with the Gallbladder back-shu level.", "actions": "Traditionally clears damp-heat, regulates the Gallbladder, and harmonizes the middle burner.", "indications": "Reference uses include jaundice patterns, rib-side pain, poor appetite, abdominal distension, and diarrhea.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include fever and back pain.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique; select direction and depth from individual lower-thoracic anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO gives a regional warning for pleura and upper abdominal organs rather than naming BL-48. Point-specific anatomy identifies intercostal vessels and thoracic nerves; avoid deep insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL48, p. 123", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 48", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub48.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 48: indications, method, moxibustion, thoracic innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_6893448" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest, back and abdomen", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-49", "name": "Yìshè", "hanzi": "意舍", "english": "Reflection Abode", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3972, "y": 0.713, "location": "On the back, level with the lower edge of the T11 spinous process and 3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Outer Bladder-channel point aligned with the Spleen back-shu level.", "actions": "Traditionally strengthens the Spleen, transforms dampness, and steadies thought.", "indications": "Reference uses include poor appetite, abdominal bloating, loose stool, vomiting, and fatigue.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include poor memory and back pain.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique; select direction and depth from individual lower-thoracic anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO gives a regional organ-injury warning rather than naming BL-49. Point-specific anatomy identifies lower thoracic nerves and intercostal vessels; use shallow oblique technique.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL49, p. 124", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 49", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub49.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 49: indications, method, moxibustion, thoracolumbar innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_6846652" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest, back and abdomen", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-50", "name": "Wèicāng", "hanzi": "胃仓", "english": "Stomach Granary", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4118, "y": 0.7254, "location": "On the back, level with the lower edge of the T12 spinous process and 3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Outer Bladder-channel point aligned with the Stomach back-shu level.", "actions": "Traditionally harmonizes the Stomach, strengthens digestion, and reduces food stagnation.", "indications": "Reference uses include epigastric pain, poor appetite, abdominal distension, nausea, and infantile food accumulation.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include back pain and edema.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique at the T12/subcostal transition; individual anatomy determines the safe limit", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO gives a regional organ-injury warning rather than naming BL-50. Point-specific anatomy identifies the subcostal neurovascular region; use shallow oblique technique.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL50, p. 124", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 50", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub50.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 50: indications, method, moxibustion, subcostal innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_1208891" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest, back and abdomen", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-51", "name": "Huāngmén", "hanzi": "肓门", "english": "Vitals Gate", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4263, "y": 0.7377, "location": "In the lumbar region, level with the lower edge of the L1 spinous process and 3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Outer branch point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel in the upper lumbar region.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the Sanjiao, moves qi in the abdomen, and eases the lumbar region.", "indications": "Reference uses include abdominal pain, constipation, breast masses, and low-back pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include urinary difficulty and digestive weakness.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique, individualized to body build and upper-lumbar organ depth", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "BL-51 MRI research and regional WHO guidance support anatomy-specific caution near the kidney. Avoid fixed deep insertion, especially in a thin patient.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL51, p. 125", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 51", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub51.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 51: indications, method, moxibustion, lumbar innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_4667633" }, { "document": "An Exploration of the Needling Depth in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section 3.1 and cited BL51 MRI safe-depth research", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3722841/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, liver, spleen and kidney", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-52", "name": "Zhìshì", "hanzi": "志室", "english": "Will Power Chamber", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4409, "y": 0.7501, "location": "In the lumbar region, level with the lower edge of the L2 spinous process and 3 body-cun from the posterior midline.", "attributes": "Outer Bladder-channel point aligned with the Kidney back-shu level.", "actions": "Traditionally strengthens Kidney qi and willpower, supports essence, and benefits the low back.", "indications": "Reference uses include chronic lumbar weakness, urinary disorders, reproductive deficiency patterns, and fatigue.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include edema and abdominal discomfort.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular, individualized to BMI and renal depth", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "BL-52 is included in high-risk ultrasound imaging and point-specific MRI depth research. Regional WHO guidance warns of kidney injury; individualize depth to anatomy and body build.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL52, p. 125", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 52", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub52.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 52: indications, method, moxibustion, lumbar innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_7228895" }, { "document": "Development of an Acupuncture Point Imaging Database", "reference": "Table 1 and discussion, BL52 high-risk imaging point", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5741397/" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, liver, spleen and kidney", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-53", "name": "Bāohuāng", "hanzi": "胞肓", "english": "Bladder Vitals", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4405, "y": 0.7634, "location": "In the buttock region, level with the second posterior sacral foramen and 3 body-cun from the median sacral crest.", "attributes": "Outer branch point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel at the S2 level.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the Bladder, benefits the lower burner, and activates the local channel.", "indications": "Reference uses include urinary retention, abdominal distension, sacral pain, and sciatica.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include constipation and leg weakness.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular, individualized to gluteal thickness and superior gluteal neurovascular anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy caution: BL-53 is in the lumbosacral/buttock region. WHO advises avoiding lumbosacral acupuncture after the first trimester but does not name BL-53. At any stage of pregnancy, use only after individualized assessment by an obstetric-acupuncture clinician rather than treating the regional rule as proof of point-specific harm.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL53, p. 126", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 53", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub53.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 53: indications, method, moxibustion, gluteal innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_8423766" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy; regional lumbosacral precaution", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-54", "name": "Zhìbiān", "hanzi": "秩边", "english": "Lowermost Edge", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4274, "y": 0.7776, "location": "In the buttock region, level with the fourth posterior sacral foramen and 3 body-cun from the median sacral crest.", "attributes": "Outer branch point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel at the lower sacral level.", "actions": "Traditionally activates the channel, benefits the lower burner, and relieves pain in the buttock and leg.", "indications": "Reference uses include sciatica, buttock pain, low-back pain, urinary difficulty, and hemorrhoids.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include leg weakness and reproductive disorders.", "depth": "1.5-2.0 cun perpendicular only after assessment of gluteal thickness and sciatic anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy caution: BL-54 is in the lumbosacral/buttock region. WHO advises avoiding lumbosacral acupuncture after the first trimester but does not name BL-54. At any stage of pregnancy, require individualized obstetric assessment; point-specific anatomy also requires controlled depth around the sciatic and posterior femoral cutaneous nerves.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL54, p. 126", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 54", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub54.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 54: indications, method, moxibustion, sciatic innervation and gluteal vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_0488267" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy; regional lumbosacral precaution", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-55", "name": "Héyáng", "hanzi": "合阳", "english": "Yang Union", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4143, "y": 0.7918, "location": "On the back of the leg between the two heads of gastrocnemius, 2 body-cun below the popliteal crease.", "attributes": "Regional point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel on the upper calf.", "actions": "Traditionally relaxes the sinews, activates the channel, and supports the lower back and leg.", "indications": "Reference uses include calf pain, knee pain, sciatica, leg weakness, and low-back pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include uterine bleeding patterns and genital pain.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL55, p. 127", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 55", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub55.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 55: indications, method, moxibustion, tibial innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_4648540" } ] }, { "id": "BL-56", "name": "Chéngjīn", "hanzi": "承筋", "english": "Sinew Support", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4012, "y": 0.8059, "location": "On the back of the leg between the gastrocnemius bellies, 5 body-cun below the popliteal crease.", "attributes": "Regional point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel on the calf.", "actions": "Traditionally relaxes the sinews, benefits the calf, and eases the lower back.", "indications": "Reference uses include calf spasm, leg pain, low-back pain, and hemorrhoids.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include heel pain and difficulty standing.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL56, p. 127", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 56", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub56.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 56: indications, method, moxibustion, tibial innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_7641637" } ] }, { "id": "BL-57", "name": "Chéngshān", "hanzi": "承山", "english": "Supporting Mountain", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3881, "y": 0.8201, "location": "At the back of the calf where the two gastrocnemius bellies meet the calcaneal tendon, in the pointed hollow that appears with plantar flexion.", "attributes": "Major regional point of the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel for the calf and anorectal region.", "actions": "Traditionally relaxes the sinews, clears channel heat, and benefits the hemorrhoidal region.", "indications": "Reference uses include calf cramp, heel pain, sciatica, low-back pain, and hemorrhoids.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include constipation and leg weakness.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular, adjusted to calf thickness", "moxibustion": "Indirect or non-scarring moxa only; direct moxa is avoided over tendon", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL57, p. 128", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 57", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub57.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 57: indications, method, moxibustion, tibial innervation and calf vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_4589241" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.1, direct moxa near a tendon", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "BL-58", "name": "Fēiyáng", "hanzi": "飞扬", "english": "Taking Flight", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.375, "y": 0.8342, "location": "On the posterolateral calf between the lateral gastrocnemius and calcaneal tendon, level with a point 7 body-cun above BL-60.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Bladder channel.", "actions": "Traditionally expels wind, clears the upper channel, and relieves pain along the back and leg.", "indications": "Reference uses include headache, nasal blockage, low-back pain, sciatica, and calf weakness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include hemorrhoids and agitation.", "depth": "0.7-1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL58, p. 128", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 58", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub58.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 58: special-point role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_5362994" } ] }, { "id": "BL-59", "name": "Fūyáng", "hanzi": "跗阳", "english": "Instep Yang", "meridian": "BL", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3619, "y": 0.8484, "location": "On the posterolateral lower leg between the fibula and calcaneal tendon, 3 body-cun above BL-60.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Yang Motility vessel.", "actions": "Traditionally benefits the Yang Motility vessel, relaxes the sinews, and relieves acute channel pain.", "indications": "Reference uses include acute ankle pain, heel pain, leg weakness, headache, and low-back pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include numbness and difficulty walking.", "depth": "0.8-1.2 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL59, p. 129", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 59", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub59.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 59: special-point role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_4995021" } ] }, { "id": "BL-60", "name": "Kūnlún", "hanzi": "昆仑", "english": "Kunlun Mountains", "meridian": "BL", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5198, "y": 0.8626, "location": "At the posterolateral ankle, in the hollow between the lateral malleolus and the calcaneal tendon.", "attributes": "Jing-river and Fire point of the Bladder channel.", "actions": "Traditionally clears excess from the channel, relaxes the sinews, and relieves pain along the head, back, and leg.", "indications": "Reference uses include occipital headache, neck stiffness, low-back pain, sciatica, ankle pain, and difficult labor patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include dizziness, nosebleed, and heel pain.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Indirect or non-scarring moxa only; direct moxa is avoided over the calcaneal tendon", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy caution: BL-60 is commonly listed among traditionally avoided points. Clinical evidence has not shown objective obstetric harm from needling, but pregnancy use should follow individualized assessment by an obstetric-acupuncture clinician.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL60, p. 129", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 60", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub60.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 60: special-point role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_5047947" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1 and 5.1, pregnancy and direct moxa near a tendon", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes; BL60", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" } ] }, { "id": "BL-61", "name": "Púcān", "hanzi": "仆参", "english": "Subservient Visitor", "meridian": "BL", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5178, "y": 0.8767, "location": "On the lateral heel below BL-60, beside the calcaneus at the junction of plantar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Bladder channel and Yang Motility vessel.", "actions": "Traditionally benefits the heel, relaxes the sinews, and calms fright.", "indications": "Reference uses include heel pain, ankle swelling, leg weakness, and seizure patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include low-back pain and difficulty standing.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL61, p. 130", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 61", "reference": "English name, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub61.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 61: indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_0093665" } ] }, { "id": "BL-62", "name": "Shēnmài", "hanzi": "申脉", "english": "Extending Vessel", "meridian": "BL", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4951, "y": 0.8811, "location": "Directly below the lateral malleolus, in the hollow between its lower border and the calcaneus.", "attributes": "Confluent point of the Yang Motility vessel; paired with SI-3.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the Yang Motility vessel, clears wind, and calms the spirit.", "indications": "Reference uses include insomnia, daytime sleepiness, seizure patterns, headache, and lateral ankle pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include back stiffness, dizziness, and leg weakness.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL62, p. 130", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 62", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub62.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 62: special-point role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_1628341" } ] }, { "id": "BL-63", "name": "Jīnmén", "hanzi": "金门", "english": "Golden Gate", "meridian": "BL", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4691, "y": 0.8838, "location": "On the dorsolateral foot, behind the fifth metatarsal tuberosity and below the cuboid, distal to the front edge of the lateral malleolus.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Bladder channel; meeting point with the Yang Linking vessel.", "actions": "Traditionally relieves acute channel pain, clears wind, and calms fright.", "indications": "Reference uses include acute ankle or lateral foot pain, headache, low-back pain, and seizure patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include hearing difficulty and infantile fright patterns.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL63, p. 131", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 63", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub63.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 63: special-point role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_8435800" } ] }, { "id": "BL-64", "name": "Jīnggǔ", "hanzi": "京骨", "english": "Capital Bone", "meridian": "BL", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4431, "y": 0.8865, "location": "On the lateral foot, just in front of the fifth metatarsal tuberosity at the junction of plantar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Yuan-source point of the Bladder channel.", "actions": "Traditionally clears the channel, calms the spirit, and relieves pain in the head, back, and foot.", "indications": "Reference uses include occipital headache, neck stiffness, low-back pain, lateral foot pain, and palpitations.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include visual disturbance, nasal bleeding, and seizure patterns.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL64, p. 131", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 64", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub64.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 64: special-point role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_0471803" } ] }, { "id": "BL-65", "name": "Shùgǔ", "hanzi": "束骨", "english": "Restraining Bone", "meridian": "BL", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.417, "y": 0.8892, "location": "On the lateral foot, in the hollow just behind the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint at the junction of plantar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Shu-stream and Wood point of the Bladder channel.", "actions": "Traditionally clears heat, settles wind, and relieves pain along the Taiyang channel.", "indications": "Reference uses include occipital headache, neck stiffness, back pain, lateral foot pain, and dizziness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include eye redness, hearing difficulty, and seizure patterns.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL65, p. 132", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 65", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub65.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 65: special-point role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_7430197" } ] }, { "id": "BL-66", "name": "Zútōnggǔ", "hanzi": "足通谷", "english": "Valley Passage", "meridian": "BL", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.391, "y": 0.8919, "location": "On the lateral little toe, just in front of the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint at the junction of plantar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Ying-spring and Water point of the Bladder channel.", "actions": "Traditionally clears channel heat, benefits the head and eyes, and calms the spirit.", "indications": "Reference uses include headache, neck stiffness, eye redness, nasal bleeding, and foot pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include palpitations, agitation, and digestive fullness.", "depth": "0.2-0.3 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Applicable as non-scarring moxa", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL66, p. 132", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 66", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub66.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 66: special-point role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_7734076" } ] }, { "id": "BL-67", "name": "Zhìyīn", "hanzi": "至阴", "english": "Reaching Yin", "meridian": "BL", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.3649, "y": 0.8947, "location": "On the outer side of the little toe, 0.1 finger-cun behind the lateral corner of the toenail.", "attributes": "Jing-well and Metal point of the Bladder channel.", "actions": "Traditionally clears the head and eyes and is used as a Jing-well point; obstetric moxibustion is a separate practice from needling.", "indications": "Reference uses include headache, eye pain, nasal blockage, and little-toe pain; breech presentation belongs specifically to supervised BL-67 moxibustion evidence.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include urinary difficulty, retained placenta patterns, and little-toe pain.", "depth": "0.1-0.2 cun shallow perpendicular insertion or controlled prick", "moxibustion": "For breech presentation, use only within obstetric care after training; benefit is possible, but adverse-event evidence remains limited", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Needling and moxibustion require separate cautions. BL-67 needling is traditionally avoided in pregnancy; reviewed needling studies found no objective obstetric harm. BL-67 moxibustion for breech may improve cephalic presentation, but adverse events were poorly reported and included contractions and burns, so it requires obstetric oversight.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "BL67, p. 133", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Point Locator - Urinary Bladder 67", "reference": "English name, classification, indications, functions, superficial needling and breech moxa statement", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/urinarybladder/ub67.htm" }, { "document": "TARA Acupuncture Knowledge Base", "reference": "BL 67: special-point role, indications, method, moxibustion, innervation and vasculature", "url": "https://tara-repository.mgb.org/term_resolution/tara.html#TARA_7218725" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Needling safety review; BL67 discussed among traditionally avoided points; moxa-only studies excluded", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" }, { "document": "Cochrane Evidence - Moxibustion for turning a baby in breech position", "reference": "BL67 moxibustion review; possible benefit and limited adverse-event certainty", "url": "https://www.cochrane.org/evidence/CD003928_moxibustion-turning-baby-breech-position" } ] }, { "id": "KI-1", "name": "Yǒngquán", "hanzi": "涌泉", "english": "Gushing Spring", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6399, "y": 0.8886, "location": "On the sole, in the deepest hollow that appears when the toes are flexed, near the junction of the front third and rear two thirds of the line from the heel to the web between the second and third toes.", "attributes": "Jing-well point of the Kidney channel.", "actions": "Directs rising excess downward; clears heat; restores awareness; settles the spirit.", "indications": "Fainting; dizziness; headache; agitation; heat in the soles.", "secondaryIndications": "Neck pain; nausea or vomiting; sore or swollen throat; urinary difficulty or constipation.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI1, p. 136", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 1; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid1.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-2", "name": "Rángǔ", "hanzi": "然谷", "english": "Blazing Valley", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.645, "y": 0.8713, "location": "On the medial foot, below the navicular tuberosity at the junction of plantar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Ying-spring point of the Kidney channel.", "actions": "Clears deficient heat; cools the Kidney channel; regulates the lower burner.", "indications": "Genital itching; irregular menstruation; painful swelling of the medial foot.", "secondaryIndications": "Spermatorrhea; painful or difficult urination; abnormal vaginal discharge.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI2, p. 136", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 2; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid2.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-3", "name": "Tàixī", "hanzi": "太溪", "english": "Great Stream", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6469, "y": 0.8524, "location": "At the posteromedial ankle, in the depression between the medial malleolus and the Achilles tendon.", "attributes": "Yuan-source and shu-stream point of the Kidney channel.", "actions": "Supports Kidney yin and yang; strengthens the lumbar region; benefits the ears and throat.", "indications": "Low-back weakness; tinnitus; reduced hearing; urinary frequency; menstrual irregularity.", "secondaryIndications": "Heel pain; insomnia; dizziness; chronic cough or wheeze.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI3, p. 137", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 3; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid3.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-4", "name": "Dàzhōng", "hanzi": "大钟", "english": "Great Bell", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6411, "y": 0.8294, "location": "On the medial foot, behind and below the medial malleolus, above the calcaneus and just anterior to the medial attachment of the Achilles tendon.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Kidney channel.", "actions": "Reinforces Kidney function; steadies the will; eases the heel and ankle.", "indications": "Urinary retention; enuresis; heel pain; shortness of breath.", "secondaryIndications": "Constipation; coughing blood.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI4, p. 137", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 4; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid4.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-5", "name": "Shuǐquán", "hanzi": "水泉", "english": "Water Spring", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6352, "y": 0.8064, "location": "On the medial foot, 1 cun below KI-3 in the depression anterior to the calcaneal tuberosity.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Kidney channel.", "actions": "Regulates menstruation; benefits urination.", "indications": "Painful or absent menstruation; irregular bleeding; urinary difficulty.", "secondaryIndications": "Uterine prolapse.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI5, p. 138", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 5; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid5.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-6", "name": "Zhàohǎi", "hanzi": "照海", "english": "Shining Sea", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6294, "y": 0.7834, "location": "On the medial ankle, 1 cun below the tip of the medial malleolus in the hollow directly beneath it.", "attributes": "Confluent point of the Yin Qiao vessel.", "actions": "Nourishes Kidney yin; clears deficient heat; benefits the throat and eyes; calms the spirit.", "indications": "Dry or sore throat; constipation; urinary retention; menstrual irregularity.", "secondaryIndications": "Epilepsy; eye disorders; uterine prolapse; genital itching.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI6, p. 138", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 6; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid6.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-7", "name": "Fùliū", "hanzi": "复溜", "english": "Returning Current", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6236, "y": 0.7604, "location": "On the posteromedial lower leg, immediately anterior to the Achilles tendon and 2 cun above the medial malleolus.", "attributes": "Jing-river point of the Kidney channel.", "actions": "Strengthens Kidney qi; regulates sweating; promotes fluid movement; supports the lower back.", "indications": "Oedema; night sweating; absence of sweating during fever; lumbar weakness.", "secondaryIndications": "Diarrhoea; abdominal swelling; numbness or pain of the lower leg.", "depth": "0.6–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI7, p. 139", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 7; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid7.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-8", "name": "Jiāoxìn", "hanzi": "交信", "english": "Intersection Reach", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6266, "y": 0.7365, "location": "On the medial lower leg, behind the medial border of the tibia, 2 cun above the medial malleolus and 0.5 cun anterior to KI-7.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Yin Qiao vessel.", "actions": "Regulates the Chong and Ren vessels; harmonizes menstruation; settles the lower burner.", "indications": "Irregular menstruation; excessive uterine bleeding; uterine prolapse.", "secondaryIndications": "Hernia; diarrhoea; constipation.", "depth": "0.6–1.2 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI8, p. 139", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 8; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid8.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-9", "name": "Zhùbīn", "hanzi": "筑宾", "english": "Guest Building", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6318, "y": 0.7124, "location": "On the posteromedial lower leg, between the soleus and Achilles tendon, 5 cun above the medial malleolus.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Yin Wei vessel.", "actions": "Calms the spirit; clears heat from the Heart network; relaxes the medial leg.", "indications": "Manic agitation; hernia.", "secondaryIndications": "Pain of the lower leg.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI9, p. 140", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 9; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid9.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-10", "name": "Yīngǔ", "hanzi": "阴谷", "english": "Yin Valley", "meridian": "KI", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3629, "y": 0.6883, "location": "At the posteromedial knee crease, immediately lateral to the semitendinosus tendon.", "attributes": "He-sea point of the Kidney channel.", "actions": "Clears damp-heat from the lower burner; benefits Kidney function; eases the knee.", "indications": "Difficult urination; pain of the knee or popliteal region.", "secondaryIndications": "Abnormal uterine bleeding; impotence; hernia.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI10, p. 140", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 10; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid10.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-11", "name": "Hénggǔ", "hanzi": "横骨", "english": "Pubic Bone", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6158, "y": 0.6679, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 5 cun below the centre of the umbilicus and 0.5 cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Kidney channel and Chong vessel.", "actions": "Regulates the lower burner; transforms dampness; benefits urination and the genitals.", "indications": "Lower abdominal pain or fullness; urinary retention; enuresis.", "secondaryIndications": "Hernia; impotence; spermatorrhea; genital pain.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular only where individual anatomy permits", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Do not needle the lower abdomen during pregnancy. KI-11 is also listed as requiring special skill because anatomical depth and underlying structures vary between individuals.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI11, p. 141", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 11; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid11.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Sections 4.2.2–4.2.3, p. 7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Appendix C, KI11 category A, pp. 240–242", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "KI-12", "name": "Dàhè", "hanzi": "大赫", "english": "Great Luminance", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5868, "y": 0.6486, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 4 cun below the umbilicus and 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Kidney channel and Chong vessel.", "actions": "Tonifies Kidney qi; secures essence; adjusts the Chong and Ren vessels.", "indications": "Spermatorrhea; impotence.", "secondaryIndications": "Uterine prolapse; persistent vaginal discharge.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Do not needle lower-abdominal points during pregnancy because uterine stimulation and excessive depth must be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI12, p. 141", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 12; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid12.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Sections 4.2.2–4.2.3, p. 7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" } ] }, { "id": "KI-13", "name": "Qìxué", "hanzi": "气穴", "english": "Qi Hole", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5579, "y": 0.6293, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 3 cun below the umbilicus and 0.5 cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Kidney channel and Chong vessel.", "actions": "Strengthens Kidney qi; regulates the lower burner; harmonizes the Chong and Ren vessels.", "indications": "Menstrual irregularity; chronic vaginal discharge; urinary difficulty.", "secondaryIndications": "Diarrhoea.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Do not needle lower-abdominal points during pregnancy because uterine stimulation and excessive depth must be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI13, p. 142", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 13; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid13.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Sections 4.2.2–4.2.3, p. 7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" } ] }, { "id": "KI-14", "name": "Sìmǎn", "hanzi": "四满", "english": "Four Fullness", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5289, "y": 0.61, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 2 cun below the umbilicus and 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Kidney channel and Chong vessel.", "actions": "Moves blood in the lower abdomen; regulates water pathways; harmonizes the Chong and Ren vessels.", "indications": "Abdominal pain or distension; irregular or painful menstruation.", "secondaryIndications": "Diarrhoea; oedema.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Do not needle lower-abdominal points during pregnancy because uterine stimulation and excessive depth must be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI14, p. 142", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 14; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid14.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Sections 4.2.2–4.2.3, p. 7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" } ] }, { "id": "KI-15", "name": "Zhōngzhù", "hanzi": "中注", "english": "Central Flow", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5248, "y": 0.5841, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 1 cun below the umbilicus and 0.5 cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Kidney channel and Chong vessel.", "actions": "Regulates the intestines and lower burner; adjusts the Chong and Ren vessels.", "indications": "Abdominal pain; constipation; diarrhoea.", "secondaryIndications": "Irregular or painful menstruation.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Do not needle lower-abdominal points during pregnancy because uterine stimulation and excessive depth must be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI15, p. 143", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 15; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid15.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Sections 4.2.2–4.2.3, p. 7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" } ] }, { "id": "KI-16", "name": "Huāngshū", "hanzi": "肓俞", "english": "Vitals Shu", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5232, "y": 0.5574, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 0.5 cun lateral to the centre of the umbilicus.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Kidney channel and Chong vessel.", "actions": "Moves abdominal qi; regulates the intestines; relieves local stagnation.", "indications": "Abdominal pain or distension; vomiting.", "secondaryIndications": "Constipation; diarrhoea.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular, adjusted to individual abdominal anatomy", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This upper-abdominal point overlies the abdominal cavity. Depth must be individualized because anatomical variation or enlarged organs can increase the risk of visceral injury.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI16, p. 143", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 16; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid16.htm" }, { "document": "Safety Guidelines: Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture", "reference": "High-risk abdominal areas and individualized depth, pp. 13–14", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "KI-17", "name": "Shāngqū", "hanzi": "商曲", "english": "Shang Bend", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5216, "y": 0.5307, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 2 cun above the umbilicus and 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Kidney channel and Chong vessel.", "actions": "Breaks up abdominal accumulation; relieves pain.", "indications": "Abdominal pain; diarrhoea.", "secondaryIndications": "Constipation.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI17, p. 144", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 17; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid17.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-18", "name": "Shíguān", "hanzi": "石关", "english": "Stone Pass", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5201, "y": 0.504, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 3 cun above the umbilicus and 0.5 cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Kidney channel and Chong vessel.", "actions": "Harmonizes the Stomach; regulates the lower burner and the Ren and Chong vessels; relieves pain.", "indications": "Vomiting; abdominal pain; constipation.", "secondaryIndications": "Infertility patterns.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI18, p. 144", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 18; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid18.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-19", "name": "Yīndū", "hanzi": "阴都", "english": "Yin Metropolis", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5185, "y": 0.4774, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 4 cun above the umbilicus and 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Kidney channel and Chong vessel.", "actions": "Harmonizes the Stomach; relieves pain; regulates the Ren and Chong vessels.", "indications": "Abdominal pain or distension; constipation.", "secondaryIndications": "Infertility patterns.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI19, p. 145", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 19; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid19.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-20", "name": "Fùtōnggǔ", "hanzi": "腹通谷", "english": "Open Valley", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5175, "y": 0.4507, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 5 cun above the umbilicus and 0.5 cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Kidney channel and Chong vessel.", "actions": "Harmonizes the middle burner; opens the chest.", "indications": "Abdominal distension; abdominal pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Vomiting.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI20, p. 145", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 20; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid20.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-21", "name": "Yōumén", "hanzi": "幽门", "english": "Hidden Gate", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5175, "y": 0.424, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 6 cun above the umbilicus and 0.5 cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Kidney channel and Chong vessel.", "actions": "Settles the Stomach; redirects rebellious qi; spreads constrained Liver qi.", "indications": "Abdominal pain or distension; vomiting.", "secondaryIndications": "Diarrhoea.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular with anatomy-adjusted depth", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The checked point reference warns that deep insertion can injure the liver. Depth must be individualized and kept under professional control.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI21, p. 146", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 21; needling caution", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid21.htm" }, { "document": "Safety Guidelines: Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture", "reference": "High-risk abdominal areas and individualized depth, pp. 13–14", "url": "https://ahpcsa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/allied-health-professions-act-63-1982-safety-guidelines-chinese-medicine-and-acupuncture-practice-of-acupuncture_20201016-GGN-43810-00128.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "KI-22", "name": "Bùláng", "hanzi": "步廊", "english": "Walking Corridor", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5175, "y": 0.3973, "location": "On the anterior chest, in the fifth intercostal space and 2 cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Kidney channel on the chest.", "actions": "Unbinds the chest; descends rebellious Lung and Stomach qi; quiets cough.", "indications": "Cough; wheeze; chest fullness; rib-side discomfort.", "secondaryIndications": "Vomiting.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun transverse or shallow oblique along the chest wall", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "KI-22 is an intercostal chest point. Deep perpendicular insertion can enter the pleura or lung and cause pneumothorax; professional needling must remain shallow and chest-wall aligned.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI22, p. 146", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Pneumothorax safety guidance, pp. 11–12; KI22–KI27 risk points", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 22; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid22.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-23", "name": "Shénfēng", "hanzi": "神封", "english": "Spirit Seal", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5175, "y": 0.3706, "location": "On the anterior chest, in the fourth intercostal space and 2 cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Kidney channel on the chest.", "actions": "Opens the chest; regulates descending Lung qi; benefits breast tissue.", "indications": "Cough; asthma; chest or hypochondriac fullness.", "secondaryIndications": "Breast nodules in traditional use.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun transverse or shallow oblique along the chest wall", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This fourth-intercostal-space point overlies the thorax. Deep perpendicular needling can injure pleura or lung and produce pneumothorax.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI23, p. 147", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Pneumothorax safety guidance, pp. 11–12; KI22–KI27 risk points", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 23; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid23.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-24", "name": "Língxū", "hanzi": "灵墟", "english": "Spirit Ruins", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5191, "y": 0.344, "location": "On the anterior chest, in the third intercostal space and 2 cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Kidney channel on the chest.", "actions": "Releases chest constraint; descends Lung and Stomach counterflow; supports the breasts.", "indications": "Cough; asthma; chest or hypochondriac fullness.", "secondaryIndications": "Breast nodules in traditional use.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun transverse or shallow oblique along the chest wall", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The pleura and lung lie deep to this intercostal site. Avoid deep perpendicular insertion because pneumothorax is a documented thoracic needling risk.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI24, p. 147", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Pneumothorax safety guidance, pp. 11–12; KI22–KI27 risk points", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 24; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid24.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-25", "name": "Shéncáng", "hanzi": "神藏", "english": "Spirit Storehouse", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5215, "y": 0.3173, "location": "On the anterior chest, in the second intercostal space and 2 cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Kidney channel on the chest.", "actions": "Regulates chest qi; directs Lung qi downward; calms cough.", "indications": "Cough; asthma; chest pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Vomiting.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun transverse or shallow oblique along the chest wall", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "As an anterior intercostal point, KI-25 is close to pleura and lung. Deep perpendicular insertion is unsafe and can cause pneumothorax.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI25, p. 148", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Pneumothorax safety guidance, pp. 11–12; KI22–KI27 risk points", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 25; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid25.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-26", "name": "Yùzhōng", "hanzi": "彧中", "english": "Lively Center", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5239, "y": 0.2907, "location": "On the anterior chest, in the first intercostal space and 2 cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Kidney channel on the upper chest.", "actions": "Unbinds the upper chest; descends rebellious Lung qi; relieves cough.", "indications": "Cough; asthma; chest fullness.", "secondaryIndications": "Hypochondriac distension.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun transverse or shallow oblique along the chest wall", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The first intercostal space overlies pleural and lung tissue. Needling must not be directed deeply into the chest because pneumothorax can result.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI26, p. 148", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Pneumothorax safety guidance, pp. 11–12; KI22–KI27 risk points", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 26; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid26.htm" } ] }, { "id": "KI-27", "name": "Shūfǔ", "hanzi": "俞府", "english": "Shu Mansion", "meridian": "KI", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5262, "y": 0.264, "location": "On the anterior upper chest, immediately below the clavicle and 2 cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Final point of the Kidney channel.", "actions": "Opens the upper chest; redirects Lung and Stomach qi downward; eases cough.", "indications": "Cough; asthma; chest pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Vomiting.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun transverse or shallow oblique, kept parallel to the chest wall", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "KI-27 lies in the subclavicular thoracic region, where the lung apex may be shallow. Deep or perpendicular insertion can cause pneumothorax.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "KI27, p. 149", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Pneumothorax safety guidance, pp. 11–12; KI27 and KI22–KI27 risk points", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Kidney 27; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/kidney/kid27.htm" } ] }, { "id": "PC-1", "name": "Tiānchí", "hanzi": "天池", "english": "Celestial Pool", "meridian": "PC", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5874, "y": 0.2935, "location": "On the anterior chest, in the fourth intercostal space and 5 cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Pericardium and Gallbladder channels; classically grouped with the Window of Heaven points.", "actions": "Opens the chest; regulates qi; benefits the breasts; quiets cough.", "indications": "Chest oppression; cough; wheezing; breast pain or swelling.", "secondaryIndications": "Hypochondriac pain; scrofulous nodules in traditional use.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun transverse or shallow oblique along the chest wall", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "PC-1 is an intercostal chest point. Deep perpendicular insertion can penetrate pleura or lung and cause pneumothorax; only shallow chest-wall-aligned needling is considered.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "PC1, p. 152", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Pneumothorax safety guidance for intercostal and thoracic points, pp. 11–12", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Pericardium 1; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/pericardium/pc1.htm" } ] }, { "id": "PC-2", "name": "Tiānquán", "hanzi": "天泉", "english": "Celestial Spring", "meridian": "PC", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6496, "y": 0.3055, "location": "On the front of the upper arm, between the long and short heads of biceps brachii, 2 cun below the anterior axillary fold.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Pericardium channel on the upper arm.", "actions": "Unbinds the chest; moves blood; relieves pain.", "indications": "Cardiac-region pain; cough; chest or hypochondriac distension.", "secondaryIndications": "Pain of the arm.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "PC2, p. 152", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Pericardium 2; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/pericardium/pc2.htm" } ] }, { "id": "PC-3", "name": "Qūzé", "hanzi": "曲泽", "english": "Marsh at the Bend", "meridian": "PC", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.7117, "y": 0.3175, "location": "At the anterior elbow crease, in the depression immediately medial to the biceps brachii tendon.", "attributes": "He-sea point of the Pericardium channel.", "actions": "Clears heat from the qi, nutritive and blood levels; moves blood; harmonizes the Stomach.", "indications": "Cardiac-region pain; palpitations; gastric pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Vomiting.", "depth": "Up to 1.0–1.5 cun only where individual cubital-fossa anatomy permits", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "PC-3 lies immediately medial to the biceps tendon in the cubital fossa, where the brachial artery and median nerve are adjacent. Avoid vascular or nerve contact and individualize depth.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "PC3, p. 153", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Pericardium 3; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/pericardium/pc3.htm" }, { "document": "Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Cubital Fossa", "reference": "Cubital fossa contents and medial relationship to the biceps tendon", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459250/" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Section 4.2.3, p. 7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" } ] }, { "id": "PC-4", "name": "Xìmén", "hanzi": "郄门", "english": "Xi-Cleft Gate", "meridian": "PC", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.7738, "y": 0.3295, "location": "On the anterior forearm, between the palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis tendons, 5 cun above the palmar wrist crease.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Pericardium channel.", "actions": "Moves and cools blood; opens the chest; calms the spirit; relieves acute pain.", "indications": "Acute chest pain; palpitations; coughing or vomiting blood.", "secondaryIndications": "Epilepsy; boils.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "PC4, p. 153", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Pericardium 4; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/pericardium/pc4.htm" } ] }, { "id": "PC-5", "name": "Jiānshǐ", "hanzi": "间使", "english": "Intermediary Messenger", "meridian": "PC", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8106, "y": 0.3477, "location": "On the anterior forearm, between the palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis tendons, 3 cun above the palmar wrist crease.", "attributes": "Jing-river point of the Pericardium channel.", "actions": "Transforms phlegm affecting the Heart; regulates the Stomach; steadies the spirit.", "indications": "Palpitations; chest pain; nausea or vomiting.", "secondaryIndications": "Malaria-like alternating fever and chills; manic agitation.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "PC5, p. 154", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Pericardium 5; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/pericardium/pc5.htm" } ] }, { "id": "PC-6", "name": "Nèiguān", "hanzi": "内关", "english": "Inner Gate", "meridian": "PC", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8474, "y": 0.3659, "location": "On the anterior forearm, between the palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis tendons, 2 cun above the palmar wrist crease.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Pericardium channel and confluent point of the Yin Wei vessel.", "actions": "Opens the chest; regulates Heart qi; harmonizes the Stomach; calms the spirit.", "indications": "Nausea or vomiting; chest tightness; palpitations; anxiety.", "secondaryIndications": "Hiccup; dizziness; insomnia; pain or spasm of the forearm.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "PC6, p. 154", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Pericardium 6; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/pericardium/pc6.htm" } ] }, { "id": "PC-7", "name": "Dàlíng", "hanzi": "大陵", "english": "Great Hill", "meridian": "PC", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8806, "y": 0.3856, "location": "On the palmar wrist crease, between the palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis tendons.", "attributes": "Yuan-source and shu-stream point of the Pericardium channel.", "actions": "Clears Heart heat; settles the spirit; opens the chest; harmonizes the Stomach.", "indications": "Palpitations; chest pain; anxiety or manic agitation; wrist pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Vomiting; epigastric discomfort; heel pain in traditional use.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun only where individual anatomy permits; keep the path superficial to the median nerve", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Ultrasound research found that the PC-7 needle path can overlap the median nerve. Use superficial, anatomy-adjusted technique and stop if nerve-like pain occurs.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "PC7, p. 155", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Pericardium 7; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/pericardium/pc7.htm" }, { "document": "Ultrasonographic Assessment of Anatomical Structures Surrounding Acupoint Daling (PC7) in Relation to the Median Nerve", "reference": "PC7 needle path and median nerve overlap", "url": "https://doi.org/10.18325/jkmr.2026.36.3.68" }, { "document": "WHO Benchmarks for the Practice of Acupuncture", "reference": "Section 4.2.3, p. 7", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/340838" } ] }, { "id": "PC-8", "name": "Láogōng", "hanzi": "劳宫", "english": "Labour Palace", "meridian": "PC", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.8994, "y": 0.4114, "location": "On the palm, in the depression between the second and third metacarpal bones, just proximal to the metacarpophalangeal joints.", "attributes": "Ying-spring point of the Pericardium channel.", "actions": "Clears Heart heat; calms the spirit.", "indications": "Mouth ulcers; foul breath; cardiac-region pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Vomiting; fainting; fungal infection of the hand.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "PC8, p. 155", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Pericardium 8; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/pericardium/pc8.htm" } ] }, { "id": "PC-9", "name": "Zhōngchōng", "hanzi": "中冲", "english": "Central Hub", "meridian": "PC", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.9183, "y": 0.4371, "location": "At the centre of the tip of the middle finger.", "attributes": "Jing-well point of the Pericardium channel.", "actions": "Clears Heart heat; revives consciousness; benefits the tongue.", "indications": "Fainting; heatstroke; severe agitation; swollen or painful tongue.", "secondaryIndications": "Chest pain; stiffness of the tongue.", "depth": "0.1 cun shallow insertion; professional pricking technique may be used", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "PC9, p. 156", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Pericardium 9; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/pericardium/pc9.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-1", "name": "Guānchōng", "hanzi": "关冲", "english": "Passage Hub", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.0703, "y": 0.441, "location": "On the ulnar side of the ring finger, 0.1 cun proximal to the ulnar corner of the nail.", "attributes": "Jing-well point of the Triple Energizer channel.", "actions": "Clears heat; expels wind; benefits the throat, eyes and ears; restores awareness.", "indications": "High fever; fainting; sore throat; red or painful eyes.", "secondaryIndications": "Headache; reduced hearing.", "depth": "0.1 cun shallow insertion; professional pricking technique may be used", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE1, p. 158", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 1; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj1.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-2", "name": "Yèmén", "hanzi": "液门", "english": "Fluid Gate", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.0843, "y": 0.425, "location": "On the back of the hand, just proximal to the web between the ring and little fingers, at the border of palmar and dorsal skin.", "attributes": "Ying-spring point of the Triple Energizer channel.", "actions": "Drains heat; disperses wind; benefits the ears; activates the hand channel.", "indications": "Sore throat; headache; red eyes.", "secondaryIndications": "Reduced hearing; malaria-like alternating fever and chills.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE2, p. 158", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 2; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj2.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-3", "name": "Zhōngzhǔ", "hanzi": "中渚", "english": "Central Islet", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.0983, "y": 0.409, "location": "On the back of the hand, between the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones in the depression proximal to the fourth metacarpophalangeal joint.", "attributes": "Shu-stream point of the Triple Energizer channel.", "actions": "Clears channel heat; benefits the ears and eyes; relieves pain along the channel.", "indications": "Tinnitus; reduced hearing; headache; red eyes; sore throat.", "secondaryIndications": "Scapular pain; difficulty extending the fingers; leg pain.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE3, p. 159", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 3; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj3.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-4", "name": "Yángchí", "hanzi": "阳池", "english": "Yang Pool", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.1123, "y": 0.393, "location": "On the dorsal wrist crease, in the depression immediately ulnar to the extensor digitorum tendon.", "attributes": "Yuan-source point of the Triple Energizer channel.", "actions": "Clears heat; relaxes the sinews; activates the wrist channel; relieves pain.", "indications": "Wrist pain; reduced hearing.", "secondaryIndications": "Diabetes patterns in traditional use; malaria.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE4, p. 159", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 4; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj4.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-5", "name": "Wàiguān", "hanzi": "外关", "english": "Outer Pass", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.1277, "y": 0.3783, "location": "On the posterior forearm, midway between the radius and ulna, 2 cun above the dorsal wrist crease.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Triple Energizer channel and confluent point of the Yang Wei vessel.", "actions": "Releases exterior wind-heat; benefits the ears; opens the Yang Wei vessel; eases channel pain.", "indications": "Fever with headache; red or swollen eyes; tinnitus; reduced hearing.", "secondaryIndications": "Rib-side pain; spasm or pain of the upper limb.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE5, p. 160", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 5; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj5.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-6", "name": "Zhīgōu", "hanzi": "支沟", "english": "Branching Ditch", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.1479, "y": 0.3683, "location": "On the posterior forearm, midway between the radius and ulna, 3 cun above the dorsal wrist crease.", "attributes": "Jing-river point of the Triple Energizer channel.", "actions": "Moves qi through the three burners; opens the bowels; clears heat; activates the forearm channel.", "indications": "Constipation; hypochondriac pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Tinnitus; reduced hearing.", "depth": "0.8–1.2 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE6, p. 160", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 6; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj6.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-7", "name": "Huìzōng", "hanzi": "会宗", "english": "Converging Channels", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.1682, "y": 0.3582, "location": "On the posterior forearm, directly radial to the ulna and 3 cun above the dorsal wrist crease.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Triple Energizer channel.", "actions": "Clears acute channel obstruction; benefits the ears; relaxes the forearm.", "indications": "Reduced hearing; spasm or pain of the upper limb.", "secondaryIndications": "Epileptic episodes.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE7, p. 161", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 7; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj7.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-8", "name": "Sānyángluò", "hanzi": "三阳络", "english": "Three Yang Connection", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.1885, "y": 0.3482, "location": "On the posterior forearm, midway between the radius and ulna, 4 cun above the dorsal wrist crease.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the three yang channels of the arm.", "actions": "Activates the channel; clears obstruction; relieves pain.", "indications": "Reduced hearing; sudden loss of voice; toothache.", "secondaryIndications": "Spasm or pain of the upper limb.", "depth": "0.8–1.2 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE8, p. 161", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 8; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj8.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-9", "name": "Sìdú", "hanzi": "四渎", "english": "Four Rivers", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.2087, "y": 0.3382, "location": "On the posterior forearm, midway between the radius and ulna, 5 cun below the tip of the olecranon.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Triple Energizer channel on the forearm.", "actions": "Opens the channel; benefits the ears and throat; eases upper-limb pain.", "indications": "Migraine; reduced hearing; sore throat or sudden loss of voice.", "secondaryIndications": "Spasm or pain of the upper limb.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE9, p. 162", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 9; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj9.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-10", "name": "Tiānjǐng", "hanzi": "天井", "english": "Heavenly Well", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.2296, "y": 0.3273, "location": "On the posterior elbow, in the olecranon fossa 1 cun above the tip of the olecranon when the elbow is flexed.", "attributes": "He-sea point of the Triple Energizer channel.", "actions": "Transforms phlegm and dampness; disperses nodules; clears channel heat; relieves elbow pain.", "indications": "Migraine; reduced hearing; scrofulous nodules.", "secondaryIndications": "Epileptic episodes.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE10, p. 162", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 10; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj10.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-11", "name": "Qīnglěngyuān", "hanzi": "清冷渊", "english": "Clear Cold Abyss", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.2543, "y": 0.3105, "location": "On the posterior upper arm, along the line from the olecranon to the acromial angle, 2 cun above the olecranon.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Triple Energizer channel on the upper arm.", "actions": "Clears damp-heat; dispels wind-damp; activates the upper-arm channel.", "indications": "Headache; yellowing of the eyes.", "secondaryIndications": "Spasm or pain of the upper limb.", "depth": "0.8–1.2 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE11, p. 163", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 11; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj11.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-12", "name": "Xiāoluò", "hanzi": "消泺", "english": "Dispersing Luo River", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.279, "y": 0.2937, "location": "On the posterior upper arm, on the line from the olecranon to the acromial angle, 5 cun above the olecranon.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Triple Energizer channel on the upper arm.", "actions": "Activates the channel; relieves pain.", "indications": "Headache; stiff neck.", "secondaryIndications": "Shoulder or back pain.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE12, p. 163", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 12; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj12.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-13", "name": "Nàohuì", "hanzi": "臑会", "english": "Upper Arm Convergence", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3038, "y": 0.2769, "location": "On the posterior upper arm, behind and below the deltoid border, 3 cun below the acromial angle.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Triple Energizer channel near the deltoid insertion.", "actions": "Moves channel qi; softens phlegm nodules; relieves shoulder and arm pain.", "indications": "Goitre; scrofulous nodules in traditional use.", "secondaryIndications": "Spasm or pain of the upper limb.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE13, p. 164", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 13; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj13.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-14", "name": "Jiānliáo", "hanzi": "肩髎", "english": "Shoulder Crevice", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3285, "y": 0.2601, "location": "At the shoulder, in the posterior depression between the acromial angle and the greater tubercle of the humerus, visible when the arm is abducted.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Triple Energizer channel at the shoulder joint.", "actions": "Benefits the shoulder; dispels wind-damp; activates the channel; reduces pain.", "indications": "Pain of the shoulder or arm.", "secondaryIndications": "Restricted shoulder movement.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun directed toward the shoulder joint", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE14, p. 164", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 14; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj14.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-15", "name": "Tiānliáo", "hanzi": "天髎", "english": "Celestial Crevice", "meridian": "TE", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.3533, "y": 0.2433, "location": "In the scapular region, in the depression immediately above the superior angle of the scapula, midway between GB-21 and SI-13.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Triple Energizer channel and Yang Wei vessel.", "actions": "Relaxes the shoulder and neck; dispels wind-damp; eases pain along the scapula.", "indications": "Shoulder or arm pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Acute neck stiffness.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun, with direction and depth modified to remain superficial to the thoracic cage", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "TE-15 is in the upper scapular region, an area identified in safety guidance as vulnerable to pleural or lung penetration. Deep perpendicular insertion can cause pneumothorax.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE15, p. 165", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Pneumothorax risk in upper trapezius and scapular regions, pp. 11–12", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 15; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj15.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-16", "name": "Tiānyǒu", "hanzi": "天牖", "english": "Celestial Window", "meridian": "TE", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5139, "y": 0.2437, "location": "On the lateral neck at the level of the mandibular angle, in the depression behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Triple Energizer channel on the lateral neck.", "actions": "Clears sensory obstruction; benefits the head and ears; relaxes the neck.", "indications": "Headache; stiff neck; eye pain; tinnitus or reduced hearing.", "secondaryIndications": "Scrofulous nodules in traditional use.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun only where anatomy permits; keep the technique shallow and controlled near major vessels", "moxibustion": "Direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided; other moxa use was not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Official safety guidance lists TE-16 as a vulnerable point over major vessels. Keep needling shallow and controlled; direct scarring moxibustion should also be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE16, p. 165", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Appendix C, SJ16–SJ23, pp. 240–242", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Safety in Clinical Practice", "reference": "Vulnerable points over great vessels, TE16, p. 12", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 16; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj16.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-17", "name": "Yìfēng", "hanzi": "翳风", "english": "Wind Screen", "meridian": "TE", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.47, "y": 0.172, "location": "Behind the earlobe, in the depression immediately anterior to the lower end of the mastoid process.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Triple Energizer and Gallbladder channels.", "actions": "Expels wind; benefits the ears and face; clears heat; relieves local pain.", "indications": "Tinnitus; reduced hearing; facial weakness; cheek swelling.", "secondaryIndications": "Toothache; scrofulous nodules.", "depth": "0.8–1.2 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided; other moxa use was not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The checked safety appendix includes SJ-17 among the points where direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE17, p. 166", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Appendix C, SJ16–SJ23, pp. 240–242", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 17; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj17.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-18", "name": "Chìmài", "hanzi": "瘈脉", "english": "Spasm Vessel", "meridian": "TE", "view": "head", "x": 0.8778, "y": 0.5, "location": "On the mastoid region, at the junction of the lower third and upper two thirds of the curved line from TE-17 to TE-20.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Triple Energizer channel behind the ear.", "actions": "Benefits the ears; disperses wind; calms spasms; eases local pain.", "indications": "Headache; tinnitus; reduced hearing.", "secondaryIndications": "Childhood convulsions in traditional use.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided; other moxa use was not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "SJ-18 is included in the safety appendix group for which direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE18, p. 166", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Appendix C, SJ16–SJ23, pp. 240–242", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 18; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj18.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-19", "name": "Lúxī", "hanzi": "颅息", "english": "Skull Rest", "meridian": "TE", "view": "head", "x": 0.8889, "y": 0.4438, "location": "Behind the ear, at the junction of the upper third and lower two thirds of the curved line from TE-17 to TE-20.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Triple Energizer channel behind the ear.", "actions": "Benefits hearing; expels wind; calms spasms; relieves head pain.", "indications": "Headache; tinnitus; reduced hearing.", "secondaryIndications": "Childhood convulsions in traditional use.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided; other moxa use was not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The point is within the SJ-16 to SJ-23 group identified by the checked safety appendix as unsuitable for direct scarring moxibustion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE19, p. 167", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Appendix C, SJ16–SJ23, pp. 240–242", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 19; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj19.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-20", "name": "Jiǎosūn", "hanzi": "角孙", "english": "Minute Angle", "meridian": "TE", "view": "head", "x": 0.8889, "y": 0.3781, "location": "On the scalp directly above the apex of the ear, at the point touched by the auricular apex when the ear is folded forward.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Triple Energizer, Gallbladder and Large Intestine channels.", "actions": "Clears heat from the head; benefits the ears; reduces swelling; relieves pain.", "indications": "Mumps; toothache; stiff neck.", "secondaryIndications": "Corneal opacity in traditional use.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided; other moxa use was not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided at this scalp point, consistent with the SJ-16 through SJ-23 safety listing.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE20, p. 167", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Appendix C, SJ16–SJ23, pp. 240–242", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 20; classification, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj20.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-21", "name": "Ěrmén", "hanzi": "耳门", "english": "Ear Gate", "meridian": "TE", "view": "head", "x": 0.8422, "y": 0.425, "location": "In the depression anterior to the supratragic notch and behind the mandibular condyle, located with the mouth slightly open.", "attributes": "Regular point of the Triple Energizer channel at the ear.", "actions": "Benefits hearing; clears heat from the ear; relieves jaw and facial pain.", "indications": "Tinnitus; reduced hearing; middle-ear inflammation.", "secondaryIndications": "Toothache.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular with the mouth slightly open", "moxibustion": "Direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided; other moxa use was not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The Clean Needle Technique appendix places SJ-21 in the group where direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE21, p. 168", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Appendix C, SJ16–SJ23, pp. 240–242", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 21; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj21.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-22", "name": "Ěrhéliáo", "hanzi": "耳和髎", "english": "Ear Harmony Crevice", "meridian": "TE", "view": "head", "x": 0.8244, "y": 0.3906, "location": "On the side of the head, behind the temporal hairline and just anterior to the root of the ear, immediately posterior to the superficial temporal artery.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Triple Energizer, Gallbladder and Small Intestine channels.", "actions": "Disperses wind; benefits the ear and jaw; reduces temporal pain.", "indications": "Headache; tinnitus.", "secondaryIndications": "Jaw spasm; facial deviation.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun shallow oblique or subcutaneous, avoiding the artery", "moxibustion": "Direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided; other moxa use was not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "WHO places TE-22 immediately behind the superficial temporal artery. General vascular safety guidance requires the artery to be identified and avoided; direct scarring moxibustion should also be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE22, p. 168", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Vascular injury guidance, p. 5; Appendix C, SJ16–SJ23, pp. 240–242", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 22; location, functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj22.htm" } ] }, { "id": "TE-23", "name": "Sīzhúkōng", "hanzi": "丝竹空", "english": "Silk Bamboo Hole", "meridian": "TE", "view": "head", "x": 0.7056, "y": 0.3781, "location": "At the lateral end of the eyebrow, in the palpable depression above GB-1.", "attributes": "Final point of the Triple Energizer channel.", "actions": "Disperses wind; benefits the eyes; clears heat from the head; relieves pain.", "indications": "Red, swollen or painful eyes; eyelid twitching.", "secondaryIndications": "Manic agitation; epilepsy in traditional use.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided; other moxa use was not established in checked sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Direct scarring moxibustion should be avoided at this eyebrow point, as reflected in the SJ-16 through SJ-23 safety group.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "TE23, p. 169", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th Edition", "reference": "Appendix C, SJ16–SJ23, pp. 240–242", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "San Jiao 23; functions, indications and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/sanjiao/sj23.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-1", "name": "Tóngzǐliáo", "hanzi": "瞳子髎", "english": "Pupil Crevice", "meridian": "GB", "view": "head", "x": 0.7278, "y": 0.405, "location": "On the temple, in a palpable hollow 0.5 B-cun lateral to the outer corner of the eye.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder, Small Intestine and Triple Energizer channels.", "actions": "Clears wind and heat from the eye region; supports visual clarity; eases local pain.", "indications": "Red, painful or watering eyes; blurred vision; pain around the outer canthus.", "secondaryIndications": "Temporal headache; light sensitivity; facial pain.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB1, p. 172", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 1: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb1.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-2", "name": "Tīnghuì", "hanzi": "听会", "english": "Hearing Convergence", "meridian": "GB", "view": "head", "x": 0.8422, "y": 0.4781, "location": "On the face, in the hollow between the intertragic notch and mandibular condyle, best felt with the mouth open.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Benefits hearing; clears channel obstruction around the ear; relaxes the jaw.", "indications": "Tinnitus; reduced hearing; ear pain; jaw pain or clicking.", "secondaryIndications": "Toothache; facial weakness; temporal headache.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular with the mouth open, stopping before the joint space", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GB-2 is adjacent to the temporomandibular joint. Keep the mouth position stable, avoid entering the joint space and stop if sharp joint pain occurs.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB2, p. 172", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 2: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb2.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Care with points near joints, pp. 12–13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-3", "name": "Shàngguān", "hanzi": "上关", "english": "Upper Gate", "meridian": "GB", "view": "head", "x": 0.7667, "y": 0.4438, "location": "On the temple, in the depression immediately above the midpoint of the zygomatic arch and superior to ST-7.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder, Stomach and Triple Energizer channels.", "actions": "Opens the ear; settles wind; relieves pain in the temple, cheek and jaw.", "indications": "Tinnitus; earache; temporal headache; temporomandibular pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Facial weakness; toothache; seizures in traditional patterns.", "depth": "0.5–1.0 cun perpendicular with controlled local anatomy", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB3, p. 173", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 3: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb3.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-4", "name": "Hányàn", "hanzi": "颔厌", "english": "Forehead Fullness", "meridian": "GB", "view": "head", "x": 0.75, "y": 0.3063, "location": "On the temporal scalp, at the upper-quarter point of the curved line joining ST-8 and GB-7.", "attributes": "Meeting point associated with the Gallbladder, Stomach and Triple Energizer channels.", "actions": "Disperses wind; clears the head; activates the temporal channel pathway.", "indications": "One-sided headache; dizziness; pain near the outer eye; tinnitus.", "secondaryIndications": "Facial twitching; toothache; agitation after fright in traditional patterns.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB4, p. 173", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 4: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb4.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-5", "name": "Xuánlú", "hanzi": "悬颅", "english": "Hanging Skull", "meridian": "GB", "view": "head", "x": 0.7778, "y": 0.325, "location": "On the temporal scalp, halfway along the curved line from ST-8 to GB-7.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Clears heat and wind from the head; eases temporal pain; benefits the jaw.", "indications": "Temporal headache; eye redness; facial swelling; toothache.", "secondaryIndications": "Tinnitus; jaw tension; agitation.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB5, p. 174", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 5: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb5.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-6", "name": "Xuánlí", "hanzi": "悬厘", "english": "Suspended Hair", "meridian": "GB", "view": "head", "x": 0.8056, "y": 0.3438, "location": "On the temporal scalp, at the lower-quarter point of the curved line connecting ST-8 with GB-7.", "attributes": "Meeting point associated with the Gallbladder, Stomach and Triple Energizer channels.", "actions": "Courses channel qi in the temple; clears heat; relieves pain.", "indications": "Migraine or temporal headache; eye pain; facial swelling.", "secondaryIndications": "Tinnitus; toothache; irritability.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB6, p. 174", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 6: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb6.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-7", "name": "Qūbìn", "hanzi": "曲鬓", "english": "Temporal Hairline Curve", "meridian": "GB", "view": "head", "x": 0.8389, "y": 0.3656, "location": "At the temple hairline, where a vertical line along its posterior border meets a horizontal line through the top of the ear.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder and Bladder channels.", "actions": "Clears the head; disperses wind; relaxes the cheek and jaw.", "indications": "Temporal headache; jaw pain; facial weakness; swelling of the cheek.", "secondaryIndications": "Tinnitus; difficulty chewing; neck stiffness.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB7, p. 175", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 7: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb7.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-8", "name": "Shuàigǔ", "hanzi": "率谷", "english": "Leading Valley", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.452, "y": 0.112, "location": "On the temporal scalp, directly above the apex of the ear and 1.5 B-cun superior to the temporal hairline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder and Bladder channels.", "actions": "Clears wind and dampness from the head; harmonizes the Stomach; relieves pain.", "indications": "Temporal headache; dizziness; nausea or vomiting; a heavy sensation in the head.", "secondaryIndications": "Tinnitus; agitation; childhood convulsions in traditional usage.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB8, p. 175", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 8: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb8.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-9", "name": "Tiānchōng", "hanzi": "天冲", "english": "Celestial Rushing", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.472, "y": 0.115, "location": "On the scalp, directly above the rear border of the ear root, 2 B-cun above the hairline and 0.5 B-cun posterior to GB-8.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder and Bladder channels.", "actions": "Settles wind; clears the head; calms agitation; benefits the gums.", "indications": "Headache; dizziness; seizure patterns; swollen or painful gums.", "secondaryIndications": "Tinnitus; fright; neck stiffness.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB9, p. 176", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 9: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb9.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-10", "name": "Fúbái", "hanzi": "浮白", "english": "Floating White", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.485, "y": 0.135, "location": "Behind and above the mastoid process, at the upper-third point of the curved line running from GB-9 to GB-12.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder and Bladder channels.", "actions": "Clears the head; opens the ear; regulates the local channel.", "indications": "Headache; tinnitus; reduced hearing; pain behind the ear.", "secondaryIndications": "Neck stiffness; toothache; fullness in the chest in traditional usage.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB10, p. 176", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 10: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb10.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-11", "name": "Tóuqiàoyīn", "hanzi": "头窍阴", "english": "Head Portal Yin", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.49, "y": 0.152, "location": "Posterior and superior to the mastoid process, at the lower-third point of the curved line between GB-9 and GB-12.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder and Bladder channels.", "actions": "Benefits the ears; clears the head; settles wind; eases pain.", "indications": "Tinnitus; hearing difficulty; headache; pain behind the ear.", "secondaryIndications": "Eye discomfort; neck stiffness; agitation.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB11, p. 177", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 11: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb11.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-12", "name": "Wángǔ", "hanzi": "完骨", "english": "Mastoid Bone", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.492, "y": 0.178, "location": "In the hollow immediately behind and below the mastoid process.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder and Bladder channels.", "actions": "Dispels wind; calms the spirit; benefits the head and neck.", "indications": "Headache; insomnia; agitation; neck stiffness.", "secondaryIndications": "Facial weakness; toothache; swelling behind the ear.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun oblique", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB12, p. 177", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 12: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb12.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-13", "name": "Běnshén", "hanzi": "本神", "english": "Root Spirit", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.393, "y": 0.113, "location": "On the frontal scalp, 0.5 B-cun above the anterior hairline and 3 B-cun lateral to the midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder channel and Yang Linking vessel.", "actions": "Calms the spirit; settles wind; clears the head; gathers essence in traditional theory.", "indications": "Anxiety or agitation; insomnia; headache; dizziness.", "secondaryIndications": "Poor memory; seizure patterns; visual disturbance.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB13, p. 178", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 13: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb13.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-14", "name": "Yángbái", "hanzi": "阳白", "english": "Yang White", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.375, "y": 0.125, "location": "On the forehead, 1 B-cun above the eyebrow and directly over the centre of the pupil.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder channel and Yang Linking vessel.", "actions": "Disperses wind from the face; brightens the eyes; relaxes the forehead.", "indications": "Frontal headache; eye pain or twitching; facial weakness; drooping eyelid.", "secondaryIndications": "Blurred vision; tearing; sinus pressure.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB14, p. 178", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 14: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb14.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-15", "name": "Tóulínqì", "hanzi": "头临泣", "english": "Head Overlooking Tears", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.408, "y": 0.105, "location": "On the frontal scalp, 0.5 B-cun behind the anterior hairline and directly above the centre of the pupil.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder and Bladder channels and the Yang Linking vessel.", "actions": "Clears the head; benefits the eyes and nose; settles wind.", "indications": "Headache; dizziness; blocked nose; eye pain or tearing.", "secondaryIndications": "Seizure patterns; agitation; reduced smell.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB15, p. 179", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 15: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb15.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-16", "name": "Mùchuāng", "hanzi": "目窗", "english": "Eye Window", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.437, "y": 0.096, "location": "On the scalp, 1.5 B-cun behind the anterior hairline, directly above the pupil and 1 B-cun posterior to GB-15.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder channel and Yang Linking vessel.", "actions": "Clears the eyes and head; settles wind; reduces swelling.", "indications": "Headache; painful or swollen eyes; blurred vision; dizziness.", "secondaryIndications": "Nasal blockage; facial swelling; seizure patterns.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB16, p. 179", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 16: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb16.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-17", "name": "Zhèngyíng", "hanzi": "正营", "english": "Upright Construction", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.467, "y": 0.091, "location": "On the scalp, 2.5 B-cun behind the anterior hairline and directly above the centre of the pupil.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder channel and Yang Linking vessel.", "actions": "Clears the head; settles wind; regulates Gallbladder channel qi.", "indications": "Headache; dizziness; visual disturbance; toothache.", "secondaryIndications": "Nausea; agitation; stiff neck.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB17, p. 180", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 17: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb17.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-18", "name": "Chénglíng", "hanzi": "承灵", "english": "Spirit Receiver", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.497, "y": 0.097, "location": "On the parietal scalp, 4 B-cun behind the anterior hairline and directly above the centre of the pupil.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder channel and Yang Linking vessel.", "actions": "Disperses wind; clears heat; benefits the head; relieves pain.", "indications": "Headache; dizziness; nasal obstruction; reduced sense of smell.", "secondaryIndications": "Eye pain; seizure patterns; agitation.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB18, p. 180", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 18: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb18.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-19", "name": "Nǎokōng", "hanzi": "脑空", "english": "Brain Hollow", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.518, "y": 0.113, "location": "On the occiput, level with the upper edge of the external occipital protuberance and directly above GB-20.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder channel and Yang Linking vessel.", "actions": "Clears the sensory orifices; settles wind; eases occipital pain.", "indications": "Occipital headache; dizziness; neck stiffness; visual disturbance.", "secondaryIndications": "Tinnitus; seizure patterns; agitation.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion is avoided on the face or hairline.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB19, p. 181", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 19: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb19.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Appendix C, pp. 240–241: direct/scarring moxibustion restriction for GB1–GB19", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-20", "name": "Fēngchí", "hanzi": "风池", "english": "Wind Pool", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.52, "y": 0.186, "location": "Below the occipital bone, in the hollow between the upper attachments of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius, level with GV-16.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder and Triple Energizer channels and the Yang Linking and Yang Motility vessels.", "actions": "Expels external wind; clears the head and senses; benefits the neck; settles internal wind.", "indications": "Occipital headache; dizziness or vertigo; stiff neck; eye or ear symptoms.", "secondaryIndications": "Nasal congestion; insomnia; facial pain; febrile illness patterns.", "depth": "No universal safe numeric depth is established; select direction and depth from individual posterior-neck anatomy. The checked 0.5–0.8 cun study protocol is not a general safety standard.", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; heat near hair requires strict burn and fire precautions.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GB-20 has been involved in reports of subarachnoid haemorrhage, with excessively deep posterior-neck insertion suspected in serious injuries. Use only controlled, anatomy-specific direction and depth by a trained practitioner.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB20, p. 181", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Safety of different acupuncture manipulations for posterior circulation ischemia with vertigo", "reference": "GB20 safety discussion and needling method", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5020825/" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 20: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb20.htm" }, { "document": "Acupuncture-related adverse events: a systematic review of the Chinese literature", "reference": "GB20 and deep posterior-neck needling in subarachnoid haemorrhage reports", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2995190/" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Moxibustion burn and hirsute-area precautions, pp. 19–20", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-21", "name": "Jiānjǐng", "hanzi": "肩井", "english": "Shoulder Well", "meridian": "GB", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.4, "y": 0.2188, "location": "At the top of the shoulder, midway along the line from the C7 spinous process to the lateral tip of the acromion.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder, Triple Energizer and Stomach channels and the Yang Linking vessel.", "actions": "Relaxes the shoulder; descends rebellious qi; transforms phlegm; promotes breast and labour functions in traditional practice.", "indications": "Shoulder and upper-back pain; neck stiffness; restricted arm movement.", "secondaryIndications": "Breast swelling or impaired lactation; difficult labour in specialist obstetric practice.", "depth": "Oblique across an isolated and gently lifted trapezius, never inferiorly toward the lung; depth must follow individual anatomy, posture and breathing.", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The lung apex lies beneath GB-21, so an inferior or overly deep trajectory can cause pneumothorax. Pregnancy caution is traditional, especially before 37 weeks; reviewed human evidence has not shown increased miscarriage, preterm birth or reliable labour induction, but rare harm is not fully excluded and use requires individualized obstetric assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB21, p. 182", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Vulnerable organ points and pregnancy precautions, pp. 12–13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "Change of Safe Needling Depth at Acupoint GB21 according to Posture and Breathing", "reference": "Abstract and discussion of pleural depth variability", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5817322/" }, { "document": "The safety of obstetric acupuncture: forbidden points revisited", "reference": "GB21 listed among points traditionally avoided before 37 weeks", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 21: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb21.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "GB21 pneumothorax prevention and oblique direction away from lung, pp. 11–12", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture-related adverse events: a systematic review of the Chinese literature", "reference": "GB21 pneumothorax reports", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2995190/" } ] }, { "id": "GB-22", "name": "Yuānyè", "hanzi": "渊腋", "english": "Armpit Abyss", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4909, "y": 0.4968, "location": "On the lateral chest wall, in the fourth intercostal space at the midaxillary line.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Opens the chest; regulates channel qi; reduces swelling in the axillary region.", "indications": "Lateral chest pain; fullness in the chest; axillary swelling.", "secondaryIndications": "Shoulder or arm pain; difficulty raising the arm.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun oblique or subcutaneous along the thoracic wall", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point lies on the thoracic wall. Deep perpendicular insertion can enter the pleural cavity and cause pneumothorax; only shallow oblique or transverse technique is appropriate.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB22, p. 182", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and lung precautions, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 22: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb22.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-23", "name": "Zhéjīn", "hanzi": "辄筋", "english": "Sinew Seat", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4925, "y": 0.5173, "location": "In the fourth intercostal space on the lateral chest, 1 B-cun anterior to the midaxillary line.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Spreads Lung and Gallbladder qi; opens the chest; relieves lateral rib pain.", "indications": "Chest or hypochondriac pain; shortness of breath; sighing.", "secondaryIndications": "Acid regurgitation; axillary discomfort; shoulder pain.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun oblique or subcutaneous along the thoracic wall", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Because GB-23 is on the chest wall, deep perpendicular needling may injure pleura or lung. Use a shallow intercostal direction under trained supervision.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB23, p. 183", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and lung precautions, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 23: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb23.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-24", "name": "Rìyuè", "hanzi": "日月", "english": "Sun and Moon", "meridian": "GB", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6206, "y": 0.5377, "location": "On the anterior chest, in the seventh intercostal space and 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Front-mu point of the Gallbladder.", "actions": "Regulates the Gallbladder; spreads Liver qi; harmonizes the middle burner; clears damp-heat.", "indications": "Hypochondriac pain; nausea or vomiting; acid regurgitation; jaundice patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Hiccups; abdominal distention; bitter taste.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun oblique or subcutaneous along the intercostal space", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GB-24 is an anterior thoracic point. Deep perpendicular insertion can injure pleura, lung or upper abdominal organs; depth and direction must remain shallow and oblique.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB24, p. 183", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest, lung and upper abdominal precautions, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 24: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb24.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-25", "name": "Jīngmén", "hanzi": "京门", "english": "Capital Gate", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4959, "y": 0.5582, "location": "On the flank, immediately inferior to the free end of the twelfth rib.", "attributes": "Front-mu point of the Kidney.", "actions": "Opens water pathways; strengthens the lower back.", "indications": "Flank or low-back pain; difficult urination; edema.", "secondaryIndications": "Abdominal distention; diarrhea; weakness of the lumbar region.", "depth": "No fixed perpendicular depth is published here; choose a shallow, anatomy-specific direction that avoids the pleura, kidney and abdominal organs.", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GB-25 lies immediately below the free end of the twelfth rib. The checked point source warns against deep needling from GB-22 through GB-25; individual rib and flank anatomy must be assessed to protect pleura, kidney and other abdominal structures.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB25, p. 184", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 25: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb25.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Organ injury and kidney precautions, pp. 13–15", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, pleura, kidney and abdominal organ precautions, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GB-26", "name": "Dàimài", "hanzi": "带脉", "english": "Girdle Vessel", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4976, "y": 0.5786, "location": "On the lateral abdomen, below the free end of the eleventh rib and level with the centre of the umbilicus.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder channel and Girdling vessel.", "actions": "Regulates the Girdling vessel; resolves dampness; supports the lower abdomen.", "indications": "Abdominal pain; menstrual irregularity; vaginal discharge; lumbar weakness.", "secondaryIndications": "Hernia-type pain; lower-limb weakness; a band-like sensation around the waist.", "depth": "No fixed perpendicular depth is published here; use an anatomy-specific shallow oblique or transverse abdominal approach.", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; abdominal heat during pregnancy requires specialist assessment.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Pregnancy changes abdominal wall and uterine anatomy. Abdominal needling is traditionally restricted during pregnancy; reviewed human evidence has not shown objective harm from historically cautioned points, but rare risk is not excluded and any use requires individualized obstetric assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB26, p. 184", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1 and 5.2, pregnancy and abdominal precautions, pp. 20, 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 26: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb26.htm" }, { "document": "The safety of obstetric acupuncture: forbidden points revisited", "reference": "Lower abdominal points, individualized pregnancy risk assessment", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" } ] }, { "id": "GB-27", "name": "Wǔshū", "hanzi": "五枢", "english": "Fifth Pivot", "meridian": "GB", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.645, "y": 0.5991, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 3 B-cun below the umbilicus and just medial to the anterior superior iliac spine.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder channel and Girdling vessel.", "actions": "Regulates the Girdling vessel and lower burner; moves stagnation; relieves pain.", "indications": "Lower abdominal pain; hernia-type groin pain; constipation.", "secondaryIndications": "Menstrual irregularity; vaginal discharge; lumbar discomfort.", "depth": "No fixed perpendicular depth is published here; use an anatomy-specific shallow oblique or transverse lower-abdominal approach.", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; abdominal heat during pregnancy requires specialist assessment.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GB-27 is on the lower abdomen, where pregnancy-related anatomical change increases uterine risk. Traditional guidance restricts this region; available human review did not show objective harm, but rare risk remains uncertain and specialist obstetric assessment is required.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB27, p. 185", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy precautions, p. 20", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 27: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb27.htm" }, { "document": "The safety of obstetric acupuncture: forbidden points revisited", "reference": "Lower abdominal points, individualized pregnancy risk assessment", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" } ] }, { "id": "GB-28", "name": "Wéidào", "hanzi": "维道", "english": "Linking Path", "meridian": "GB", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6486, "y": 0.6198, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 0.5 B-cun medial and inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine; it lies 0.5 B-cun medial and inferior to GB-27.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder channel and Girdling vessel.", "actions": "Regulates the Girdling vessel; moves lower-burner qi; reduces local pain.", "indications": "Lower abdominal pain; hernia-type pain; menstrual irregularity.", "secondaryIndications": "Vaginal discharge; constipation; lumbar discomfort.", "depth": "No fixed perpendicular depth is published here; use an anatomy-specific shallow oblique or transverse lower-abdominal approach.", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; abdominal heat during pregnancy requires specialist assessment.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GB-28 is a lower-abdominal point. Traditional pregnancy guidance restricts this region because of uterine proximity; reviewed human data have not shown objective harm, but rare risk is not excluded and use requires individualized obstetric assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB28, p. 185", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy precautions, p. 20", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 28: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb28.htm" }, { "document": "The safety of obstetric acupuncture: forbidden points revisited", "reference": "Lower abdominal points, individualized pregnancy risk assessment", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" } ] }, { "id": "GB-29", "name": "Jūliáo", "hanzi": "居髎", "english": "Squatting Crevice", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.6408, "location": "In the buttock, at the midpoint of the line between the anterior superior iliac spine and the greater trochanter.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder channel and Yang Motility vessel.", "actions": "Activates the hip channel; dispels wind-dampness; relieves pain.", "indications": "Hip pain; sciatica; weakness or numbness of the leg.", "secondaryIndications": "Lower abdominal pain; lumbar stiffness; difficulty walking.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular only after identifying hip-region anatomy and remaining outside the joint capsule", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GB-29 is close to the hip joint. Control direction and depth to avoid the joint capsule, and stop if sharp joint pain occurs.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB29, p. 186", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 29: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb29.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Care with points near joints, pp. 12–13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GB-30", "name": "Huántiào", "hanzi": "环跳", "english": "Jumping Round", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.6617, "location": "In the buttock, at the lateral-third point of the line from the greater trochanter to the sacral hiatus.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Gallbladder and Bladder channels.", "actions": "Activates the hip and leg channels; dispels wind-dampness; relieves pain.", "indications": "Sciatica; hip or buttock pain; weakness or numbness of the lower limb.", "secondaryIndications": "Lumbar pain; difficulty walking; post-stroke leg dysfunction in traditional practice.", "depth": "No fixed deep trajectory is published here; choose direction and depth conservatively for individual anatomy and avoid forceful manipulation in this neurovascular region.", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GB-30 is in a gluteal region containing major nerves and vessels. Use conservative depth and direction, avoid forceful manipulation, and stop if sharp or electric pain occurs. No precise relationship to the sciatic nerve is asserted without a checked point-specific human anatomy source.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB30, p. 186", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 30: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb30.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Peripheral nerve and vascular injury precautions, pp. 15–16", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Detailed Vascular Anatomy of the Gluteal Region and Its Clinical Implications", "reference": "Anatomical variation of superior and inferior gluteal arteries and veins", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12680084/" } ] }, { "id": "GB-31", "name": "Fēngshì", "hanzi": "风市", "english": "Wind Market", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.6827, "location": "On the lateral thigh, just behind the iliotibial band where the middle fingertip rests when standing with the arms relaxed.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Dispels wind; relieves itching; activates the leg channel; strengthens movement.", "indications": "Lateral thigh pain; leg weakness or numbness; generalized itching.", "secondaryIndications": "Sciatica; post-stroke lower-limb dysfunction; knee pain.", "depth": "1.0–2.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB31, p. 187", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 31: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb31.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-32", "name": "Zhōngdú", "hanzi": "中渎", "english": "Central River", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.7037, "location": "On the lateral thigh, behind the iliotibial band and 7 B-cun above the popliteal crease.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Activates the channel; dispels wind-dampness; relieves pain.", "indications": "Pain or numbness of the thigh; leg weakness; sciatica.", "secondaryIndications": "Knee pain; difficulty walking; post-stroke lower-limb dysfunction.", "depth": "1.0–2.0 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB32, p. 187", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 32: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb32.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-33", "name": "Xīyángguān", "hanzi": "膝阳关", "english": "Knee Yang Gate", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.7247, "location": "At the outer knee, in the hollow between the biceps femoris tendon and iliotibial band, just behind and above the lateral femoral epicondyle.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Dispels wind-dampness; warms and activates the knee channel; relieves pain.", "indications": "Lateral knee pain; swelling or stiffness; difficulty flexing the knee.", "secondaryIndications": "Thigh numbness; lower-leg pain; cold painful obstruction patterns.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun with direction controlled to remain outside the knee joint", "moxibustion": "Point-specific moxibustion applicability is not established in the checked point source. Scarring/suppurative moxibustion near a joint is avoided.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GB-33 is adjacent to the lateral knee joint. Avoid the joint space and use controlled depth around the biceps femoris tendon and iliotibial band.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB33, p. 188", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 33: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb33.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Care with points near joints, pp. 12–13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.9: moxibustion with non-bacterial suppuration near joints, p. 23", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GB-34", "name": "Yánglíngquán", "hanzi": "阳陵泉", "english": "Yang Hill Spring", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.7456, "location": "On the outer lower leg, in the depression immediately in front of and below the head of the fibula.", "attributes": "He-sea point of the Gallbladder channel; influential point of the sinews.", "actions": "Benefits tendons and joints; spreads Liver qi; clears Gallbladder damp-heat; activates the channel.", "indications": "Knee or lateral leg pain; tendon tightness; hypochondriac pain; bitter taste.", "secondaryIndications": "Nausea; jaundice patterns; sciatica; post-stroke stiffness.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun with gentle technique near the fibular head", "moxibustion": "Point-specific moxibustion applicability is not established in the checked point source. Scarring/suppurative moxibustion near a joint is avoided.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GB-34 is near the proximal tibiofibular joint and common fibular nerve region. Avoid the joint space and forceful manipulation; withdraw if sharp or electric pain occurs.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB34, p. 188", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 34: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb34.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Care with points near joints, pp. 12–13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Peripheral nerve precautions at the fibular head, p. 16", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.9: moxibustion with non-bacterial suppuration near joints, p. 23", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GB-35", "name": "Yángjiāo", "hanzi": "阳交", "english": "Yang Crossing", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.7665, "location": "On the fibular side of the lower leg, behind the fibula and 7 B-cun above the lateral malleolus.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Yang Linking vessel.", "actions": "Regulates the Yang Linking vessel; settles wind; relaxes the sinews; relieves pain.", "indications": "Lateral leg pain; knee or thigh pain; seizure patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Chest or hypochondriac fullness; agitation; weakness of the lower limb.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB35, p. 189", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 35: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb35.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-36", "name": "Wàiqiū", "hanzi": "外丘", "english": "Outer Hill", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.7873, "location": "On the fibular side of the lower leg, anterior to the fibula and 7 B-cun above the lateral malleolus.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Gallbladder channel.", "actions": "Clears Gallbladder channel heat; relaxes the sinews; relieves acute pain.", "indications": "Sudden lateral leg pain; neck pain; chest or hypochondriac discomfort.", "secondaryIndications": "Lower-limb weakness; skin disorders; agitation.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB36, p. 189", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 36: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb36.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-37", "name": "Guāngmíng", "hanzi": "光明", "english": "Bright Light", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.8081, "location": "On the fibular side of the lower leg, anterior to the fibula and 5 B-cun above the lateral malleolus.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Gallbladder channel.", "actions": "Benefits the eyes; spreads Liver qi; activates the paired Liver-Gallbladder relationship.", "indications": "Blurred vision; eye pain or itching; night blindness in traditional references.", "secondaryIndications": "Lateral leg pain; breast discomfort; headache.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB37, p. 190", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 37: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb37.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-38", "name": "Yángfǔ", "hanzi": "阳辅", "english": "Yang Aid", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.8288, "location": "On the fibular side of the lower leg, anterior to the fibula and 4 B-cun above the lateral malleolus.", "attributes": "Jing-river point of the Gallbladder channel.", "actions": "Clears Gallbladder fire; spreads channel qi; relieves pain along the lateral body.", "indications": "Migraine; eye pain; bitter taste; lateral chest or leg pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Neck swelling; fever patterns; ankle weakness.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB38, p. 190", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 38: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb38.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-39", "name": "Xuánzhōng", "hanzi": "悬钟", "english": "Suspended Bell", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.8496, "location": "On the outer lower leg, anterior to the fibula and 3 B-cun above the lateral malleolus.", "attributes": "Influential point of marrow.", "actions": "Nourishes marrow in traditional theory; benefits the neck; clears Gallbladder heat; activates the leg channel.", "indications": "Neck stiffness; headache; lateral leg or ankle pain; weakness of the lower limb.", "secondaryIndications": "Dizziness; post-stroke dysfunction; abdominal distention.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB39, p. 191", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 39: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb39.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-40", "name": "Qiūxū", "hanzi": "丘墟", "english": "Hill Ruins", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4895, "y": 0.8662, "location": "At the anterolateral ankle, in the hollow in front of and below the lateral malleolus, lateral to the extensor digitorum longus tendon.", "attributes": "Yuan-source point of the Gallbladder channel.", "actions": "Spreads Liver and Gallbladder qi; clears channel heat; stabilizes the ankle.", "indications": "Lateral ankle pain or swelling; hypochondriac pain; bitter taste; eye redness.", "secondaryIndications": "Neck swelling; headache; indecision or timidity in traditional patterns.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun with controlled direction outside the ankle joint space", "moxibustion": "Point-specific moxibustion applicability is not established in the checked point source. Scarring/suppurative moxibustion near a joint is avoided.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GB-40 is adjacent to the ankle joint. Avoid entering the joint space and use gentle technique around local tendons and superficial nerves.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB40, p. 191", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 40: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb40.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Care with points near joints, pp. 12–13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.9: moxibustion with non-bacterial suppuration near joints, p. 23", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GB-41", "name": "Zúlínqì", "hanzi": "足临泣", "english": "Foot Falling Tears", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4558, "y": 0.8733, "location": "On the top of the foot, just distal to the bases of the fourth and fifth metatarsals and lateral to the fifth extensor tendon.", "attributes": "Shu-stream point of the Gallbladder channel; confluent point of the Girdling vessel.", "actions": "Spreads Liver qi; clears Gallbladder heat; regulates the Girdling vessel; benefits the breast and eyes.", "indications": "Headache; eye redness; breast pain; lateral chest or flank pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Menstrual irregularity; foot swelling; tinnitus.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB41, p. 192", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 41: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb41.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-42", "name": "Dìwǔhuì", "hanzi": "地五会", "english": "Earth Fivefold Convergence", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.422, "y": 0.8804, "location": "On the dorsum of the foot between the fourth and fifth metatarsals, just proximal to the fourth metatarsophalangeal joint.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Clears Gallbladder heat; reduces swelling; activates the foot channel.", "indications": "Pain or swelling on the dorsum of the foot; eye redness; tinnitus.", "secondaryIndications": "Breast pain; flank discomfort; headache.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB42, p. 192", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 42: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb42.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-43", "name": "Xiáxī", "hanzi": "侠溪", "english": "Clamped Stream", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.3882, "y": 0.8876, "location": "On the dorsum of the foot between the fourth and fifth toes, just proximal to the web margin at the red-white skin border.", "attributes": "Ying-spring point of the Gallbladder channel.", "actions": "Clears Gallbladder fire; settles wind; benefits the head, eyes and ears.", "indications": "Migraine; dizziness; tinnitus; red or painful eyes.", "secondaryIndications": "Flank pain; fever patterns; swelling of the foot.", "depth": "0.3–0.5 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB43, p. 193", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 43: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb43.htm" } ] }, { "id": "GB-44", "name": "Zúqiàoyīn", "hanzi": "足窍阴", "english": "Foot Portal Yin", "meridian": "GB", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.3544, "y": 0.8947, "location": "On the lateral side of the fourth toe, 0.1 F-cun proximal to the outer corner of the toenail.", "attributes": "Jing-well point of the Gallbladder channel.", "actions": "Clears heat; revives consciousness; settles wind; benefits the head, eyes and ears.", "indications": "Migraine; eye pain or redness; tinnitus; sudden loss of consciousness.", "secondaryIndications": "Insomnia; agitation; fever patterns; pain of the fourth toe.", "depth": "0.1–0.3 cun perpendicular", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "GB44, p. 193", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Gall Bladder 44: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/gallbladder/gb44.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LV-1", "name": "Dàdūn", "hanzi": "大敦", "english": "Large Pile", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.671, "y": 0.8948, "location": "On the lateral side of the great toe, 0.1 F-cun proximal to the outer corner of the toenail.", "attributes": "Jing-well point of the Liver channel.", "actions": "Regulates Liver qi; clears damp-heat from the lower burner; restores consciousness; calms agitation.", "indications": "Genital pain or swelling; difficult urination; heavy menstrual bleeding; hernia-type pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Loss of consciousness; seizure patterns; anxiety or insomnia.", "depth": "0.1–0.2 cun oblique or superficial pricking", "moxibustion": "A historical text quoted by the checked educational source describes moxibustion at LV-1 as contraindicated during pregnancy and postpartum. This historical caution is not presented as a separately verified modern prohibition; current use requires an independent contemporary safety assessment.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR1, p. 196", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 1: English translation, classification, indications, functions, needling and historical pregnancy/postpartum moxibustion note", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv1.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LV-2", "name": "Xíngjiān", "hanzi": "行间", "english": "Moving Between", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6497, "y": 0.8795, "location": "On the top of the foot between the first and second toes, just proximal to the web margin at the red-white skin border.", "attributes": "Ying-spring point of the Liver channel.", "actions": "Drains Liver fire; clears heat from the lower burner; settles internal wind; moves Liver qi.", "indications": "Irritability; headache; red eyes; genital itching or painful urination.", "secondaryIndications": "Heavy menstruation; insomnia; bitter taste; foot pain.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun oblique", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR2, p. 196", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 2: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv2.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LV-3", "name": "Tàichōng", "hanzi": "太冲", "english": "Great Surge", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6392, "y": 0.8345, "location": "On the dorsum of the foot between the first and second metatarsals, in the hollow just distal to their bases and over the dorsalis pedis artery.", "attributes": "Yuan-source and Shu-stream point of the Liver channel.", "actions": "Spreads Liver qi; subdues Liver yang; nourishes Liver blood and yin; clears the head and eyes.", "indications": "Headache; dizziness; irritability; menstrual pain; hypochondriac discomfort.", "secondaryIndications": "Eye redness; insomnia; digestive upset from constraint; foot pain.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun perpendicular only after palpating and avoiding the dorsalis pedis artery", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion over a major vessel is avoided.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "LV-3 overlies the dorsalis pedis artery, which must be palpated and avoided. WHO also identifies LV-3 as a point that may provoke hypotension or fainting; first-time or vulnerable patients should be treated lying down with gentle stimulation and monitoring.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR3, p. 197", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 3: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv3.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Major vessel and direct/scarring moxibustion precautions, pp. 4–5 and Appendix C", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.3, 3.9 and 5.2: LR3 fainting, direct moxa over vessels and circulatory precautions, pp. 21, 23, 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "LV-4", "name": "Zhōngfēng", "hanzi": "中封", "english": "Mound Center", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6292, "y": 0.7879, "location": "At the anteromedial ankle, in the hollow medial to the tibialis anterior tendon and in front of the medial malleolus.", "attributes": "Jing-river point of the Liver channel.", "actions": "Spreads Liver qi; clears dampness from the lower burner; stabilizes the ankle channel.", "indications": "Medial ankle pain; difficult urination; genital pain; hernia-type groin pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Lower abdominal discomfort; low-back pain; leg weakness.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun with controlled direction outside the ankle joint space", "moxibustion": "Point-specific moxibustion applicability is not established in the checked point source. Scarring/suppurative moxibustion near a joint is avoided.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "LV-4 is adjacent to the ankle joint. Avoid entering the joint space and use gentle technique around the tibialis anterior tendon.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR4, p. 197", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 4: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv4.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Care with points near joints, pp. 12–13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.9: moxibustion with non-bacterial suppuration near joints, p. 23", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "LV-5", "name": "Lǐgōu", "hanzi": "蠡沟", "english": "Woodworm Ditch", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6253, "y": 0.7425, "location": "On the anteromedial lower leg, at the centre of the medial tibial surface and 5 B-cun above the medial malleolus.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Liver channel.", "actions": "Spreads Liver qi; clears damp-heat from the genitals; regulates menstruation; links with the Gallbladder channel.", "indications": "Genital itching or swelling; painful urination; irregular menstruation.", "secondaryIndications": "Plum-pit sensation; leg pain; emotional constraint.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR5, p. 198", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 5: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv5.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LV-6", "name": "Zhōngdū", "hanzi": "中都", "english": "Middle Metropolis", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6345, "y": 0.7, "location": "On the anteromedial lower leg, at the centre of the medial tibial surface and 7 B-cun above the medial malleolus.", "attributes": "Xi-cleft point of the Liver channel.", "actions": "Moves Liver qi and blood; regulates menstruation; relieves acute channel pain.", "indications": "Sudden hypochondriac or lower abdominal pain; heavy menstrual bleeding; hernia-type pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Leg pain or numbness; persistent vaginal discharge.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR6, p. 198", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 6: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv6.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LV-7", "name": "Xīguān", "hanzi": "膝关", "english": "Knee Gate", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.6233, "y": 0.658, "location": "On the medial lower leg below the medial tibial condyle, 1 B-cun posterior to SP-9.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Dispels wind-dampness; benefits the knee; activates the medial leg channel.", "indications": "Medial knee pain; swelling or stiffness; difficulty walking.", "secondaryIndications": "Lower-leg pain; cold painful obstruction patterns; sore throat in traditional usage.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun with direction controlled outside the knee joint", "moxibustion": "Point-specific moxibustion applicability is not established in the checked point source. Scarring/suppurative moxibustion near a joint is avoided.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "LV-7 is close to the medial knee joint. Avoid the joint space and control depth around the medial tibial structures.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR7, p. 199", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 7: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv7.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Care with points near joints, pp. 12–13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.9: moxibustion with non-bacterial suppuration near joints, p. 23", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "LV-8", "name": "Qūquán", "hanzi": "曲泉", "english": "Spring at the Bend", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5982, "y": 0.6163, "location": "At the medial end of the popliteal crease, in the hollow medial to the semitendinosus and semimembranosus tendons.", "attributes": "He-sea point of the Liver channel.", "actions": "Nourishes Liver blood and yin; clears damp-heat from the lower burner; benefits the knee.", "indications": "Medial knee pain; genital itching; difficult urination; menstrual irregularity.", "secondaryIndications": "Dizziness from deficiency patterns; lower abdominal pain; leg weakness.", "depth": "1.0–1.5 cun with careful direction at the medial popliteal crease", "moxibustion": "Point-specific moxibustion applicability is not established in the checked point source. Scarring/suppurative moxibustion near a joint is avoided.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "LV-8 is beside the medial knee joint and popliteal neurovascular region. Avoid the joint space and deep posterior angulation; stop if sharp or electric pain occurs.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR8, p. 199", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 8: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv8.htm" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Care with points near joints, pp. 12–13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.9: moxibustion with non-bacterial suppuration near joints, p. 23", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Peripheral nerve and vascular injury precautions, pp. 15–16", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "LV-9", "name": "Yīnbāo", "hanzi": "阴包", "english": "Yin Bladder", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.584, "y": 0.5717, "location": "On the medial thigh between gracilis and sartorius, 4 B-cun above the base of the patella and posterior to sartorius.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Regulates Liver qi and the lower burner.", "indications": "Medial thigh pain; menstrual irregularity; difficult urination.", "secondaryIndications": "Lower abdominal pain; lumbar discomfort; leg weakness.", "depth": "1.0–2.0 cun perpendicular after identifying medial-thigh anatomy", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR9, p. 200", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 9: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv9.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LV-10", "name": "Zúwǔlǐ", "hanzi": "足五里", "english": "Foot Five Li", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5781, "y": 0.5248, "location": "On the medial thigh, 3 B-cun distal to ST-30 and directly over the femoral artery.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Clears damp-heat from the lower burner.", "indications": "Groin or medial thigh pain; difficult urination; genital itching or swelling.", "secondaryIndications": "Lower abdominal distention; fatigue; scrotal pain.", "depth": "No fixed perpendicular depth is published here; palpate and avoid the femoral artery before selecting a shallow individualized trajectory.", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion over a major vessel is avoided.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "LV-10 is described by WHO as lying over the femoral artery. Direct vessel puncture can cause bleeding or haematoma; palpate the artery and do not use a blind deep trajectory.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR10, p. 200", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 10: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv10.htm" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.9 and 5.2: direct moxa over vessels and circulatory precautions, pp. 23, 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "LV-11", "name": "Yīnlián", "hanzi": "阴廉", "english": "Yin Corner", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5721, "y": 0.4779, "location": "On the upper medial thigh, 2 B-cun distal to ST-30 and lateral to the adductor longus muscle.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Regulates the Conception and Penetrating vessels; benefits the uterus in traditional theory.", "indications": "Groin or medial thigh pain; menstrual irregularity; vaginal discharge.", "secondaryIndications": "Infertility in traditional patterns; lower abdominal pain; leg weakness.", "depth": "1.0–2.0 cun perpendicular after identifying proximal medial-thigh anatomy", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR11, p. 201", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 11: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv11.htm" } ] }, { "id": "LV-12", "name": "Jímài", "hanzi": "急脉", "english": "Urgent Pulse", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5763, "y": 0.4311, "location": "In the groin, level with the upper edge of the pubic symphysis and 2.5 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "No additional traditional classification is stated in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Dispels cold; regulates the lower burner.", "indications": "Hernia-type groin pain; genital pain or swelling; lower abdominal pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Difficult urination; menstrual discomfort; cold lower-burner patterns.", "depth": "No fixed perpendicular depth is published here; identify and avoid the femoral artery and vein before choosing a shallow individualized trajectory.", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point source; direct or scarring moxibustion over a major vessel is avoided.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "CCAHM lists LV-12 among points at or near major vessels, specifically the femoral artery and vein. Blind or deep insertion can cause bleeding or haematoma; both vessels must be palpated and avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR12, p. 201", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 12: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv12.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "LR12 femoral artery and vein caution, p. 5 and Appendix C", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.9 and 5.2: direct moxa over vessels and circulatory precautions, pp. 23, 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "LV-13", "name": "Zhāngmén", "hanzi": "章门", "english": "Camphorwood Gate", "meridian": "LV", "view": "lateral", "x": 0.4126, "y": 0.3845, "location": "On the lateral abdomen, immediately inferior to the free end of the eleventh rib.", "attributes": "Front-mu point of the Spleen and influential point of the zang organs.", "actions": "Harmonizes the Liver and Spleen; moves abdominal qi; supports transformation and transport.", "indications": "Abdominal distention or pain; poor appetite; loose stools; hypochondriac discomfort.", "secondaryIndications": "Vomiting; fatigue; lumbar pain; palpable abdominal tension.", "depth": "No universal safe depth is established; the checked point source lists 0.8–1.0 cun, but side-specific organ anatomy must determine a shallow non-visceral trajectory.", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "LV-13 is on the lateral abdomen below the free end of the eleventh rib. Deep insertion in this region can injure abdominal solid organs; assess individual anatomy and avoid a visceral trajectory.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR13, p. 202", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, abdominal and solid-organ precautions, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 13: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv13.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "Organ injury, liver, spleen and kidney precautions, pp. 13–15", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "LV-14", "name": "Qīmén", "hanzi": "期门", "english": "Cycle Gate", "meridian": "LV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5962, "y": 0.3378, "location": "On the anterior chest, in the sixth intercostal space and 4 B-cun lateral to the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Front-mu point of the Liver; meeting point of the Liver and Spleen channels and the Yin Linking vessel.", "actions": "Harmonizes the Liver and Stomach; regulates Liver qi; moves blood.", "indications": "Hypochondriac or chest pain; nausea or vomiting; abdominal distention; breast discomfort.", "secondaryIndications": "Hiccups; acid regurgitation; emotional constraint; cough.", "depth": "0.5–0.8 cun oblique or subcutaneous along the intercostal space; never deep or perpendicular.", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked sources.", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "LV-14 is an anterior thoracic point overlying pleural, pulmonary, hepatic and major vascular structures. A fatal aortic haemorrhage was reported after 4 cm insertion at LR-14, and deep needling has also been linked to abdominal organ perforation; use only shallow oblique or subcutaneous technique.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region", "reference": "LR14, p. 202", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest, lung and liver precautions, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.Com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Liver 14: English translation, classification, indications, functions and needling", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/liver/liv14.htm" }, { "document": "Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine, Clean Needle Technique Manual, 7th ed.", "reference": "LR14 and deep abdominal organ injury, pp. 13–15", "url": "https://health.maryland.gov/bacc/Documents/CNT%20Manual%20February%202024%20Revision_Final.pdf" }, { "document": "Acupuncture-related adverse events: a systematic review of the Chinese literature", "reference": "Fatal aortic haemorrhage and abdominal organ injuries associated with LR14", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2995190/" } ] }, { "id": "GV-1", "name": "Chángqiáng", "hanzi": "长强", "english": "Long Strong", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.5099, "location": "In the perineal region, on the midline halfway between the tip of the coccyx and the anus.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Governing Vessel.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the Governing Vessel, clears damp-heat, and steadies the lower opening.", "indications": "Reference uses include hemorrhoids, rectal prolapse, diarrhea, constipation, and pain around the coccyx.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include agitation, seizure patterns, and stiffness along the spine.", "depth": "0.8-1.0 cun oblique, directed immediately anterior to the coccyx and away from the rectum", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-1 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point is immediately beside the rectum. Perpendicular insertion can injure the rectal wall, so direction and depth require specialist control.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV1, p. 204", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 1: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du1.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-1: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-1.html" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, GV1 caution table, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GV-2", "name": "Yāoshù", "hanzi": "腰俞", "english": "Lumbar Shu", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.4916, "location": "In the sacral region, in the sacral hiatus on the posterior midline, immediately above the anal cleft.", "attributes": "Transporting point associated with the lower back in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the lower burner, strengthens the lumbar region, and relaxes the sinews.", "indications": "Reference uses include low-back pain, sacral stiffness, hemorrhoids, and menstrual irregularity.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include weakness or numbness of the legs and seizure patterns.", "depth": "Specialist-only, anatomy-dependent shallow oblique insertion; no universal fixed depth is appropriate at the sacral hiatus", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-2 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GV-2 lies at the sacral hiatus, which opens into the sacral canal and varies markedly in depth and shape. A fixed superior insertion can enter the canal; individual anatomy must determine whether and how the point is used.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV2, p. 204", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 2: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du2.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-2: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-2.html" }, { "document": "Anatomy of the Sacral Hiatus and Its Clinical Relevance in Caudal Epidural Block", "reference": "Abstract and anatomical findings; sacral canal access and hiatus variation", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28247084/" } ] }, { "id": "GV-3", "name": "Yāoyángguān", "hanzi": "腰阳关", "english": "Lumbar Yang Gate", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.4734, "location": "In the lumbar region, on the posterior midline in the depression below the spinous process of L4.", "attributes": "Regular Governing Vessel point at the L4 level; no additional command classification is listed in the checked point sources.", "actions": "Traditionally warms yang, strengthens the low back and knees, and dispels cold-dampness.", "indications": "Reference uses include lumbar pain, stiffness, weakness of the legs, and cold-type menstrual pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include urinary difficulty, genital discomfort, and numbness of the lower limbs.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique superiorly, with depth adjusted to individual anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-3 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The spinal canal lies deep to this midline point. Avoid deep insertion and adjust depth to the person's build.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV3, p. 205", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 3: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du3.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-3: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-3.html" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, GV3-GV14 spinal canal cautions, pp. 58-59", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GV-4", "name": "Mìngmén", "hanzi": "命门", "english": "Gate of Life", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.454, "location": "In the lumbar region, on the posterior midline in the depression below the spinous process of L2.", "attributes": "Regular Governing Vessel point at the L2 level; the checked point sources list no separate command classification.", "actions": "Traditionally warms Kidney yang, supports essence, and strengthens the lumbar region.", "indications": "Reference uses include chronic low-back weakness, cold limbs, urinary disorders, and reproductive deficiency patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include diarrhea from cold, fatigue, tinnitus, and menstrual irregularity.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique superiorly, with depth adjusted to individual anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable; the checked point source records an age-related caution", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The spinal canal lies deep to this lumbar midline point. Excessive depth is unsafe and must be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV4, p. 205", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 4: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du4.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-4: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-4.html" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, GV3-GV14 spinal canal cautions, pp. 58-59", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GV-5", "name": "Xuánshū", "hanzi": "悬枢", "english": "Suspended Pivot", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.4336, "location": "In the lumbar region, on the posterior midline in the depression below the spinous process of L1.", "attributes": "Regular Governing Vessel point at the L1 level without a distinct command classification in the checked sources.", "actions": "Traditionally harmonizes the middle burner, strengthens the spine, and moves qi in the abdomen.", "indications": "Reference uses include lumbar pain, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and poor digestion.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include stiffness of the spine and weakness associated with digestive deficiency.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique superiorly, with depth adjusted to individual anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-5 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The spinal canal is deep to this vertebral midline point. Do not use excessive depth.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV5, p. 206", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 5: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du5.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-5: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-5.html" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, GV3-GV14 spinal canal cautions, pp. 58-59", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GV-6", "name": "Jǐzhōng", "hanzi": "脊中", "english": "Spine Center", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.4133, "location": "In the upper lumbar back, on the posterior midline in the depression below the spinous process of T11.", "attributes": "Lower thoracic Governing Vessel point at T11; no extra command category is identified in the checked point sources.", "actions": "Traditionally strengthens the Spleen, drains dampness, and supports the spine.", "indications": "Reference uses include diarrhea, poor appetite, jaundice patterns, and thoracolumbar stiffness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include hemorrhoids and weakness of the limbs.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique superiorly, limited by vertebral and spinal-canal anatomy", "moxibustion": "Contraindicated in the checked point-specific educational source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Deep insertion at this vertebral level can enter the spinal canal and injure neural structures. Use controlled oblique depth only.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV6, p. 206", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 6: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du6.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-6: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-6.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, central nervous system, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GV-7", "name": "Zhōngshū", "hanzi": "中枢", "english": "Central Pivot", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.393, "location": "On the upper back, on the posterior midline in the depression below the spinous process of T10.", "attributes": "Governing Vessel point at the T10 midline; checked sources do not assign a separate command classification.", "actions": "Traditionally harmonizes the middle burner, clears damp-heat, and relaxes the spine.", "indications": "Reference uses include epigastric discomfort, vomiting, jaundice patterns, and back stiffness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include feverish disorders and reduced appetite.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique superiorly, limited by vertebral and spinal-canal anatomy", "moxibustion": "Not established: the checked point source reports conflicting guidance", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The spinal canal lies deep to this thoracic midline point. Excessive depth can damage the spinal cord.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV7, p. 207", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 7: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du7.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-7: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-7.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, central nervous system, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GV-8", "name": "Jīnsuō", "hanzi": "筋缩", "english": "Sinew Contraction", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.3727, "location": "On the upper back, on the posterior midline in the depression below the spinous process of T9.", "attributes": "T9 Governing Vessel point named for sinew contraction; no additional command class is listed in the checked sources.", "actions": "Traditionally relaxes spasms, settles internal wind, and eases the thoracic spine.", "indications": "Reference uses include spinal stiffness, muscle spasm, seizure patterns, and epigastric pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include jaundice patterns and agitation.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique superiorly, limited by vertebral and spinal-canal anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-8 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point overlies the spinal canal. Deep insertion can injure the spinal cord and must be avoided.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV8, p. 207", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 8: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du8.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-8: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-8.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, central nervous system, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GV-9", "name": "Zhìyáng", "hanzi": "至阳", "english": "Reaching Yang", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.3526, "location": "On the upper back, on the posterior midline in the depression below the spinous process of T7.", "attributes": "Governing Vessel point at T7 and the inferior-scapular-angle level; no separate command class is listed.", "actions": "Traditionally opens the chest, clears damp-heat, and regulates the middle burner.", "indications": "Reference uses include chest tightness, cough, jaundice patterns, and thoracic back pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include poor appetite, vomiting, and feverish disorders.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique superiorly, limited by vertebral and spinal-canal anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-9 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The spinal canal lies beneath this thoracic midline point. Keep insertion shallow and controlled to prevent spinal injury.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV9, p. 208", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 9: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du9.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-9: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-9.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, central nervous system, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GV-10", "name": "Língtái", "hanzi": "灵台", "english": "Spirit Tower", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.3327, "location": "On the upper back, on the posterior midline in the depression below the spinous process of T6.", "attributes": "Mid-thoracic Governing Vessel point at T6 without an additional command classification in the checked sources.", "actions": "Traditionally clears heat, opens the chest, and calms agitation.", "indications": "Reference uses include cough, wheezing, upper-back pain, and febrile agitation.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include skin eruptions and stiffness of the neck and spine.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique superiorly, limited by vertebral and spinal-canal anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-10 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Deep needling at this midline vertebral point can reach the spinal canal. Limit depth and maintain an oblique direction.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV10, p. 208", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 10: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du10.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-10: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-10.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, central nervous system, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GV-11", "name": "Shéndào", "hanzi": "神道", "english": "Spirit Path", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.3128, "location": "On the upper back, on the posterior midline in the depression below the spinous process of T5.", "attributes": "T5 midline point of the Governing Vessel; checked sources list no distinct command category.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the Heart, calms the spirit, and opens the chest.", "indications": "Reference uses include palpitations, anxiety, poor memory, insomnia, and thoracic stiffness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include cough and heat sensations.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique superiorly, limited by vertebral and spinal-canal anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-11 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point is directly over the vertebral canal. Deep insertion can injure the spinal cord.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV11, p. 209", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 11: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du11.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-11: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-11.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, central nervous system, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GV-12", "name": "Shēnzhù", "hanzi": "身柱", "english": "Body Pillar", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2929, "location": "On the upper back, on the posterior midline in the depression below the spinous process of T3.", "attributes": "Upper thoracic Governing Vessel point at T3; no separate command-point class is identified in the checked sources.", "actions": "Traditionally clears heat, supports Lung qi, and steadies the spirit.", "indications": "Reference uses include cough, wheezing, fever, upper-back stiffness, and seizure patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include poor concentration, agitation, and weakness in children.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique superiorly, limited by vertebral and spinal-canal anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-12 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The spinal canal lies beneath this upper thoracic point. Avoid deep or forceful insertion.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV12, p. 209", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 12: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du12.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-12: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-12.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, central nervous system, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GV-13", "name": "Táodào", "hanzi": "陶道", "english": "Kiln Path", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2728, "location": "On the upper back, on the posterior midline in the depression below the spinous process of T1.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Governing Vessel and the Foot Taiyang Bladder channel.", "actions": "Traditionally releases the exterior, clears heat, and eases the neck and upper back.", "indications": "Reference uses include fever, chills, headache, neck stiffness, and upper-back pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include cough, dizziness, and seizure patterns.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique superiorly, limited by vertebral and spinal-canal anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-13 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This upper thoracic midline point overlies the spinal canal. Deep insertion is unsafe.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV13, p. 210", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 13: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du13.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-13: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-13.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, central nervous system, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GV-14", "name": "Dàzhuī", "hanzi": "大椎", "english": "Great Vertebra", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2527, "location": "At the back of the neck, on the posterior midline in the depression below the spinous process of C7.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Governing Vessel with the six primary yang channels; associated with the Sea of Qi in the checked educational source.", "actions": "Traditionally releases the exterior, clears heat, regulates nutritive and defensive qi, and supports yang.", "indications": "Reference uses include fever, chills, neck stiffness, cough, wheezing, and headache.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include fatigue, skin eruptions, seizure patterns, and upper-back pain.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique superiorly, with depth adjusted to cervical anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable in the checked point-specific source; dosing claims are not reproduced", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The cervical spinal canal lies deep to this point. Excessive depth or uncontrolled direction can injure neural structures.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV14, p. 210", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 14: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du14.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-14: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-14.html" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, GV3-GV14 spinal canal cautions, pp. 58-59", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GV-15", "name": "Yǎmén", "hanzi": "哑门", "english": "Mute's Gate", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2325, "location": "At the back of the neck, on the posterior midline in the depression above the spinous process of C2, 0.5 B-cun below GV-16.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Governing Vessel and Yang Linking Vessel; Window of Heaven and Sea of Qi point.", "actions": "Traditionally benefits speech and the tongue, clears the senses, and settles internal wind.", "indications": "Reference uses include sudden loss of voice, speech difficulty, tongue stiffness, occipital headache, and neck rigidity.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include seizure patterns, altered consciousness, and mental agitation.", "depth": "Specialist-only, anatomy-dependent insertion; never direct deeply or superiorly toward the cranial cavity", "moxibustion": "Not applicable in the checked point-specific educational source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GV-15 is close to the medulla oblongata. Safe depth varies with sex, BMI, and head measurements, so a fixed cun range must not be treated as universally safe; deep or superior insertion is prohibited.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV15, p. 211", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 15: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du15.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-15: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-15.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, central nervous system, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Vulnerable points over great vessels, p. 12", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "Assessment of Factors Associated with the Safety Depth of GV15 Yamen", "reference": "Results and conclusion; sex, BMI and head measurements affect safety depth", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4331983/" } ] }, { "id": "GV-16", "name": "Fēngfǔ", "hanzi": "风府", "english": "Wind Palace", "meridian": "GV", "view": "posterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2123, "location": "At the back of the neck, directly below the external occipital protuberance, in the depression between the trapezius muscles.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Governing Vessel and Yang Linking Vessel; Window of Heaven and Sea of Marrow point.", "actions": "Traditionally expels wind, clears the head and senses, and calms internal wind.", "indications": "Reference uses include occipital headache, neck stiffness, dizziness, speech difficulty, and nasal blockage.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include seizure patterns, altered consciousness, and agitation.", "depth": "Specialist-only, anatomy-dependent insertion; never direct deeply or superiorly toward the medulla", "moxibustion": "Not established: checked point sources report caution and prohibition", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The medulla oblongata lies deep to GV-16. MRI research shows that tissue depth varies with BMI and sex, so no single fixed depth is safe for every person; deep or superior insertion is prohibited.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV16, p. 211", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 16: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du16.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-16: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-16.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, central nervous system, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Vulnerable points over great vessels, p. 12", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "An Investigation into the Depth of Acupuncture Points in the Neck and Shoulder Region", "reference": "GV16 MRI measurements, BMI and sex analysis", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4521547/" } ] }, { "id": "GV-17", "name": "Nǎohù", "hanzi": "脑户", "english": "Brain's Door", "meridian": "GV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2281, "location": "On the posterior head, in the depression immediately above the external occipital protuberance on the midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Governing Vessel and Foot Taiyang Bladder channel.", "actions": "Traditionally clears the head, benefits the eyes, and calms internal wind.", "indications": "Reference uses include occipital headache, dizziness, visual disturbance, and neck stiffness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include seizure patterns, loss of voice, and agitation.", "depth": "0.5-0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Not established: checked point sources report conflicting guidance", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV17, p. 212", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 17: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du17.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-17: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-17.html" } ] }, { "id": "GV-18", "name": "Qiángjiān", "hanzi": "强间", "english": "Unyielding Space", "meridian": "GV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.1781, "location": "On the posterior scalp, 4 B-cun above the posterior hairline on the midline, 1.5 B-cun above GV-17.", "attributes": "Posterior scalp point of the Governing Vessel, 1.5 B-cun above GV-17, with no additional command classification listed.", "actions": "Traditionally settles internal wind, clears the head, and calms the spirit.", "indications": "Reference uses include headache, dizziness, neck stiffness, and seizure patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include insomnia, agitation, and visual disturbance.", "depth": "0.5-0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-18 point source", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV18, p. 212", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 18: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du18.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-18: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-18.html" } ] }, { "id": "GV-19", "name": "Hòudǐng", "hanzi": "后顶", "english": "Behind the Crown", "meridian": "GV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.1281, "location": "On the posterior scalp, 5.5 B-cun above the posterior hairline on the midline, 1.5 B-cun behind GV-20.", "attributes": "Posterior vertex point of the Governing Vessel; checked sources do not assign a separate command category.", "actions": "Traditionally clears the head, settles wind, and calms the spirit.", "indications": "Reference uses include vertex or occipital headache, dizziness, and neck stiffness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include agitation, insomnia, and seizure patterns.", "depth": "0.5-0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-19 point source", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV19, p. 213", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 19: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du19.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-19: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-19.html" } ] }, { "id": "GV-20", "name": "Bǎihuì", "hanzi": "百会", "english": "Hundred Meetings", "meridian": "GV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.1031, "location": "At the vertex, 5 B-cun above the anterior hairline on the midline, at the midpoint of the line connecting the two auricular apices.", "attributes": "Sea of Marrow point and meeting point of the Governing Vessel with the six primary yang channels.", "actions": "Traditionally raises clear yang, calms the spirit, clears the senses, and steadies internal wind.", "indications": "Reference uses include vertex headache, dizziness, poor concentration, insomnia, and prolapse patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include tinnitus, nasal blockage, seizure patterns, and emotional agitation.", "depth": "0.5-0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-20 point source", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV20, p. 213", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 20: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du20.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-20: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-20.html" } ] }, { "id": "GV-21", "name": "Qiándǐng", "hanzi": "前顶", "english": "Before the Crown", "meridian": "GV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.1531, "location": "On the scalp, 3.5 B-cun above the anterior hairline on the midline, halfway between GV-20 and GV-22.", "attributes": "Anterior vertex point midway between GV-20 and GV-22; no additional command class is listed in the checked sources.", "actions": "Traditionally clears the head, settles wind, and benefits the nose.", "indications": "Reference uses include frontal or vertex headache, dizziness, nasal blockage, and facial swelling.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include seizure patterns and agitation.", "depth": "0.5-0.8 cun subcutaneous in adults", "moxibustion": "Applicable in the checked adult point source; the infant needling caution is separate", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Do not needle this area in an infant whose fontanelle has not closed.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV21, p. 214", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 21: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du21.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-21: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-21.html" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, GV21 infant fontanelle caution, p. 59", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GV-22", "name": "Xìnhuì", "hanzi": "囟会", "english": "Fontanel Meeting", "meridian": "GV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2031, "location": "On the frontal scalp, 2 B-cun above the anterior hairline on the midline.", "attributes": "Frontal scalp point over the fontanelle region; checked sources list no separate command classification.", "actions": "Traditionally clears the head, opens the nose, and settles internal wind.", "indications": "Reference uses include frontal headache, nasal congestion, dizziness, and seizure patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include facial swelling and poor smell.", "depth": "0.5-0.8 cun subcutaneous in adults", "moxibustion": "Applicable in the checked adult point source; the infant needling prohibition is separate", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Needling is prohibited in infants with an open fontanelle or patent frontal suture.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV22, p. 214", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 22: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du22.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-22: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-22.html" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, GV22 infant fontanelle caution, p. 59", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GV-23", "name": "Shàngxīng", "hanzi": "上星", "english": "Upper Star", "meridian": "GV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2531, "location": "On the frontal scalp, 1 B-cun above the anterior hairline on the midline.", "attributes": "One of the traditional Ghost points; no additional channel-meeting classification is listed in the checked sources.", "actions": "Traditionally opens the nose, clears wind and heat, and brightens the eyes.", "indications": "Reference uses include frontal headache, nasal congestion, nosebleed, and eye pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include reduced smell, facial swelling, and agitation.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun subcutaneous in adults", "moxibustion": "Not established: checked point sources report conflicting guidance; the infant needling caution is separate", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "A checked professional safety table advises against needling this site in infants with a patent frontal suture.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV23, p. 215", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 23: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du23.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-23: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-23.html" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, GV23 infant frontal-suture caution, p. 59", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "GV-24", "name": "Shéntíng", "hanzi": "神庭", "english": "Spirit Courtyard", "meridian": "GV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2781, "location": "On the frontal scalp, 0.5 B-cun above the anterior hairline on the midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Governing Vessel with the Foot Taiyang Bladder and Foot Yangming Stomach channels.", "actions": "Traditionally calms the spirit, clears the head, and opens the nasal passages.", "indications": "Reference uses include frontal headache, insomnia, anxiety, nasal blockage, and dizziness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include poor concentration, seizure patterns, and eye discomfort.", "depth": "0.5-0.8 cun subcutaneous", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked GV-24 point source", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV24, p. 215", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 24: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du24.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-24: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-24.html" } ] }, { "id": "GV-25", "name": "Sùliáo", "hanzi": "素髎", "english": "White Crevice", "meridian": "GV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.5125, "location": "On the face, at the tip of the nose.", "attributes": "Nasal-tip point of the Governing Vessel without an additional command classification in the checked point sources.", "actions": "Traditionally opens the nose, clears heat, and restores awareness.", "indications": "Reference uses include nasal blockage, reduced smell, nosebleed, and fainting patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include facial swelling and alcohol-related nasal redness.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique superiorly", "moxibustion": "Direct moxibustion is contraindicated on the face; indirect use is not established", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV25, p. 216", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 25: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du25.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-25: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-25.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.9, direct moxibustion on the face, p. 23", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GV-26", "name": "Shuǐgōu", "hanzi": "水沟", "english": "Water Trough", "meridian": "GV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.5469, "location": "On the face, at the midpoint of the vertical groove of the philtrum.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Governing Vessel with the Hand and Foot Yangming channels; one of the traditional Ghost points.", "actions": "Traditionally restores awareness, clears the senses, benefits the face, and relieves acute lumbar tension.", "indications": "Reference uses include fainting patterns, facial weakness, swelling of the face, and acute low-back strain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include seizure patterns, agitation, and nasal obstruction.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique superiorly", "moxibustion": "Direct moxibustion is contraindicated on the face; indirect use is not established in checked point sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV26, p. 216", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 26: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du26.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-26: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling sections; no moxibustion statement found", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-26.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.9, direct moxibustion on the face, p. 23", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GV-27", "name": "Duìduān", "hanzi": "兑端", "english": "Extremity of the Mouth", "meridian": "GV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.5781, "location": "On the face, at the midpoint of the tubercle of the upper lip.", "attributes": "Upper-lip point of the Governing Vessel; no separate command category is identified in the checked sources.", "actions": "Traditionally clears heat, benefits the mouth and gums, and restores awareness.", "indications": "Reference uses include swelling or pain of the lips and gums, mouth sores, and nosebleed.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include fainting patterns, agitation, and facial stiffness.", "depth": "0.2-0.3 cun oblique superiorly", "moxibustion": "Direct moxibustion is contraindicated on the face; indirect use is not established in checked point sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV27, p. 217", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 27: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du27.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-27: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling sections; no moxibustion statement found", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-27.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.9, direct moxibustion on the face, p. 23", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "GV-28", "name": "Yínjiāo", "hanzi": "龈交", "english": "Gum Intersection", "meridian": "GV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.585, "location": "Inside the upper lip, at the junction of the upper labial frenulum and the upper gum.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Governing Vessel with the Conception Vessel and Foot Yangming Stomach channel.", "actions": "Traditionally clears heat, benefits the gums and nose, and steadies the spirit.", "indications": "Reference uses include swollen or bleeding gums, nasal blockage, nosebleed, and mouth pain.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include agitation, facial swelling, and eye discomfort.", "depth": "0.2-0.3 cun shallow oblique superior insertion or a controlled prick by a qualified practitioner", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point sources; direct moxibustion near mucous membranes is contraindicated", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "GV-28 is an intraoral mucosal point where saliva and possible bleeding create body-fluid exposure and cross-contamination risks. Use aseptic technique, appropriate gloves, a sterile single-use needle, and direct pressure if bleeding occurs.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "GV28, p. 217", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Du 28: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/du/du28.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "DU-28: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling sections; no moxibustion statement found", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/DU-28.html" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Board of Australia, Guidelines for Infection Prevention and Control", "reference": "Standard precautions for mucous membranes, body fluids, aseptic technique and bleeding exposure", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicineboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines/Infection-prevention-and-control-guidelines.aspx" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Moxibustion contraindicated near mucous membranes, p. 44", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-1", "name": "Huìyīn", "hanzi": "会阴", "english": "Meeting of Yin", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.5001, "location": "In the perineum, midway between the anus and the posterior border of the scrotum in males or the posterior commissure of the labia majora in females.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Conception, Governing, and Penetrating vessels.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the two lower openings, clears damp-heat, and restores awareness.", "indications": "Reference uses include difficult urination, genital or perineal discomfort, hemorrhoids, and prolapse patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include menstrual irregularity, seizure patterns, and altered consciousness.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular under specialist care", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy in the checked point source; pregnancy use is contraindicated", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This is an intimate perineal point and is listed as contraindicated during pregnancy in the checked professional safety handbook.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV1, p. 220", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 1: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren1.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-1: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-1.html" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV1 pregnancy caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-2", "name": "Qūgǔ", "hanzi": "曲骨", "english": "Curved Bone", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.4842, "location": "On the lower abdomen, on the anterior midline immediately above the pubic symphysis.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Conception Vessel and Foot Jueyin Liver channel.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the lower burner, promotes urination, and clears damp-heat.", "indications": "Reference uses include difficult or painful urination, genital itching, lower abdominal pain, and menstrual irregularity.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include hernia-type pain, vaginal discharge, and reproductive deficiency patterns.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular only after the bladder is emptied and anatomy is assessed", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy at CV-2; abdominal moxibustion is contraindicated during pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Deep insertion can enter a full bladder. Empty the bladder first, and avoid lower-abdominal needling during pregnancy unless a qualified obstetric acupuncture clinician determines it is necessary.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV2, p. 220", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 2: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren2.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-2: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-2.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy, p. 20", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV2 bladder and pregnancy cautions, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-3", "name": "Zhōngjí", "hanzi": "中极", "english": "Middle Pole", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.4684, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 4 B-cun below the center of the umbilicus on the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Front-mu point of the Bladder; meeting point of the Conception Vessel with the three Foot Yin channels.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the Bladder, drains damp-heat, and regulates menstruation.", "indications": "Reference uses include urinary retention or frequency, painful urination, lower abdominal pain, and menstrual irregularity.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include genital discomfort, infertility patterns, and vaginal discharge.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular only after the bladder is emptied and anatomy is assessed", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy at CV-3; abdominal moxibustion is contraindicated during pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "CV-3 is a lower-abdominal point traditionally avoided before 37 weeks of pregnancy; deep insertion can also penetrate a full bladder. Evidence reviews have not shown that the point itself causes adverse pregnancy outcomes, so use requires individualized obstetric risk assessment rather than routine treatment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV3, p. 221", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 3: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren3.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-3: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-3.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy, p. 20", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes; CV3-CV7", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV3 bladder caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-4", "name": "Guānyuán", "hanzi": "关元", "english": "Gate of Origin", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.4526, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 3 B-cun below the center of the umbilicus on the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Front-mu point of the Small Intestine; meeting point of the Conception Vessel with the three Foot Yin channels.", "actions": "Traditionally nourishes original qi, warms yang, regulates blood, and supports the lower burner.", "indications": "Reference uses include fatigue, cold-type abdominal pain, menstrual irregularity, urinary disorders, and reproductive deficiency patterns.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include chronic diarrhea, prolapse, and weakness of the low back.", "depth": "1.0-2.0 cun perpendicular only after the bladder is emptied and anatomy is assessed", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy at CV-4; abdominal moxibustion is contraindicated during pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "CV-4 is a lower-abdominal point traditionally avoided before 37 weeks of pregnancy, and deep insertion may enter a full bladder. Published evidence has not demonstrated point-specific obstetric harm, but treatment still requires individualized pregnancy assessment.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV4, p. 221", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 4: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren4.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-4: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-4.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy, p. 20", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes; CV3-CV7", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV4 bladder caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-5", "name": "Shímén", "hanzi": "石门", "english": "Stone Gate", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.4368, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 2 B-cun below the center of the umbilicus on the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Front-mu point of the Sanjiao.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates water passages, moves qi and blood in the lower burner, and supports urination.", "indications": "Reference uses include lower abdominal pain, edema, urinary difficulty, menstrual irregularity, and vaginal discharge.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include hernia-type pain and postpartum retention patterns.", "depth": "1.0-2.0 cun perpendicular, reduced according to abdominal wall and organ anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy at CV-5; abdominal moxibustion is contraindicated during pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "CV-5 is among the lower-abdominal points traditionally avoided before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Deep insertion can enter the peritoneal cavity; pregnancy use requires individualized obstetric assessment even though current reviews have not shown point-specific harm.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV5, p. 222", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 5: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren5.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-5: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-5.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy, p. 20", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes; CV3-CV7", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV5 peritoneal caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-6", "name": "Qìhǎi", "hanzi": "气海", "english": "Sea of Qi", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.421, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 1.5 B-cun below the center of the umbilicus on the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Lower abdominal Conception Vessel point traditionally associated with the Sea of Qi; no separate command class is consistent across checked sources.", "actions": "Traditionally strengthens qi and yang, regulates the lower burner, and consolidates deficiency.", "indications": "Reference uses include fatigue, shortness of breath, chronic diarrhea, lower abdominal pain, and menstrual irregularity.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include prolapse, urinary disorders, and reproductive weakness patterns.", "depth": "1.0-2.0 cun perpendicular, reduced according to abdominal wall and organ anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy at CV-6; abdominal moxibustion is contraindicated during pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "CV-6 is a lower-abdominal point traditionally avoided before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Deep insertion can enter the peritoneal cavity; use in pregnancy requires a qualified clinician's individualized risk assessment, despite the lack of demonstrated point-specific harm in published reviews.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV6, p. 222", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 6: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren6.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-6: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-6.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy, p. 20", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes; CV3-CV7", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV6 peritoneal caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-7", "name": "Yīnjiāo", "hanzi": "阴交", "english": "Yin Intersection", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.4051, "location": "On the lower abdomen, 1 B-cun below the center of the umbilicus on the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Conception Vessel and Penetrating Vessel.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates menstruation, warms the lower burner, and opens water passages.", "indications": "Reference uses include menstrual irregularity, lower abdominal pain, urinary difficulty, and edema.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include vaginal discharge, genital itching, and hernia-type pain.", "depth": "1.0-2.0 cun perpendicular, reduced according to abdominal wall and organ anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy at CV-7; abdominal moxibustion is contraindicated during pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "CV-7 is a lower-abdominal point traditionally avoided before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Deep insertion can enter the peritoneal cavity; pregnancy treatment requires individualized specialist assessment, although available reviews have not identified point-specific obstetric harm.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV7, p. 223", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 7: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren7.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-7: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-7.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1, pregnancy, p. 20", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "The Safety of Obstetric Acupuncture: Forbidden Points Revisited", "reference": "Identifying sources of concern and relevant outcomes; CV3-CV7", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4680134/" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV7 peritoneal caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-8", "name": "Shénquè", "hanzi": "神阙", "english": "Spirit Gateway", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.3893, "location": "On the upper abdomen, at the center of the umbilicus.", "attributes": "Umbilical point of the Conception Vessel that is treated without needling; no additional command classification is listed.", "actions": "Traditionally warms and rescues yang, regulates the intestines, and consolidates leakage.", "indications": "Reference uses include cold-type abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, collapse patterns, and edema.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include prolapse and deficiency-type sweating.", "depth": "Do not needle", "moxibustion": "Indirect moxibustion only with burn prevention; contraindicated on the abdomen during pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "The umbilicus is an area that WHO states should not be punctured. Any thermal method also requires strict burn prevention.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV8, p. 223", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 8: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren8.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-8: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-8.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.1, areas not to be punctured, p. 24", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Prohibited areas for needling, p. 12", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-9", "name": "Shuǐfēn", "hanzi": "水分", "english": "Water Separation", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.3735, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 1 B-cun above the center of the umbilicus on the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Upper abdominal Conception Vessel point associated with fluid separation; no separate command category is consistent across checked sources.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates water passages, reduces edema, and harmonizes the intestines.", "indications": "Reference uses include edema, abdominal swelling, urinary difficulty, and intestinal rumbling.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include diarrhea, nausea, and heaviness from dampness.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun perpendicular, reduced according to abdominal wall and organ anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy at CV-9; abdominal moxibustion is contraindicated throughout pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Deep insertion can enter the peritoneal cavity, especially in a thin abdomen. WHO also advises avoiding upper-abdominal points after the third month of pregnancy.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV9, p. 224", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 9: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren9.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-9: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-9.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1 and 5.2, pregnancy and abdominal precautions, pp. 20, 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV9 peritoneal caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-10", "name": "Xiàwǎn", "hanzi": "下脘", "english": "Lower Epigastrium", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.3577, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 2 B-cun above the center of the umbilicus on the anterior midline.", "attributes": "No channel-meeting classification is retained because the checked educational sources conflict.", "actions": "Traditionally harmonizes the Stomach, moves food stagnation, and descends rebellious qi.", "indications": "Reference uses include epigastric pain, abdominal fullness, poor appetite, nausea, and vomiting.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include diarrhea, intestinal rumbling, and food retention.", "depth": "1.0-2.0 cun perpendicular, reduced according to abdominal wall and organ anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy at CV-10; abdominal moxibustion is contraindicated throughout pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "In a thin abdomen, deep insertion may enter the peritoneal cavity. WHO advises avoiding upper-abdominal needling after the third month of pregnancy.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV10, p. 224", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 10: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren10.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-10: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-10.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1 and 5.2, pregnancy and abdominal precautions, pp. 20, 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV10 peritoneal caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-11", "name": "Jiànlǐ", "hanzi": "建里", "english": "Interior Strengthening", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.3419, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 3 B-cun above the center of the umbilicus on the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Upper abdominal Conception Vessel point 3 B-cun above the umbilicus; checked sources do not agree on an added meeting classification.", "actions": "Traditionally strengthens the middle burner, harmonizes the Stomach, and reduces abdominal fullness.", "indications": "Reference uses include epigastric pain, poor appetite, abdominal distention, nausea, and vomiting.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include edema and weakness from digestive deficiency.", "depth": "1.0-2.0 cun perpendicular, reduced according to abdominal wall and organ anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy at CV-11; abdominal moxibustion is contraindicated throughout pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "At CV-11, excessive depth may cross the abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity, especially in a thin person. WHO advises avoiding upper-abdominal needling after the third month of pregnancy.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV11, p. 225", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 11: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren11.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-11: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-11.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1 and 5.2, pregnancy and abdominal precautions, pp. 20, 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV11 peritoneal caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-12", "name": "Zhōngwǎn", "hanzi": "中脘", "english": "Middle Epigastrium", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.326, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 4 B-cun above the center of the umbilicus on the anterior midline, halfway to the xiphisternal junction.", "attributes": "Front-mu point of the Stomach; Hui-meeting point of the fu organs; meeting point with the Small Intestine, Sanjiao, and Stomach channels.", "actions": "Traditionally harmonizes the Stomach, strengthens the middle burner, and descends rebellious qi.", "indications": "Reference uses include epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, reflux, and abdominal fullness.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include diarrhea, insomnia linked with digestive disharmony, and phlegm accumulation.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular, reduced according to abdominal wall and organ anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy at CV-12; abdominal moxibustion is contraindicated throughout pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "CV-12 requires reduced depth when the abdominal wall is thin because the peritoneal cavity lies beneath it. WHO advises avoiding upper-abdominal points after the third month of pregnancy.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV12, p. 225", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 12: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren12.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-12: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-12.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1 and 5.2, pregnancy and abdominal precautions, pp. 20, 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV12 peritoneal caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-13", "name": "Shàngwǎn", "hanzi": "上脘", "english": "Upper Epigastrium", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.3102, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 5 B-cun above the center of the umbilicus on the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Conception Vessel with the Small Intestine and Stomach channels.", "actions": "Traditionally harmonizes the Stomach, transforms phlegm, and settles rebellious qi.", "indications": "Reference uses include epigastric pain, vomiting, reflux, abdominal fullness, and poor appetite.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include insomnia, seizure patterns, and chest discomfort linked with phlegm.", "depth": "1.0-1.5 cun perpendicular, reduced according to abdominal wall and organ anatomy", "moxibustion": "Applicable outside pregnancy at CV-13; abdominal moxibustion is contraindicated throughout pregnancy", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Deep insertion can enter the peritoneal cavity in a thin person. WHO advises avoiding upper-abdominal needling after the third month of pregnancy.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV13, p. 226", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 13: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren13.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-13: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-13.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 2.1 and 5.2, pregnancy and abdominal precautions, pp. 20, 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV13 peritoneal caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-14", "name": "Jùquè", "hanzi": "巨阙", "english": "Great Palace", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2944, "location": "On the upper abdomen, 6 B-cun above the center of the umbilicus on the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Front-mu point of the Heart.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates the Heart, calms the spirit, opens the chest, and harmonizes the Stomach.", "indications": "Reference uses include palpitations, chest discomfort, anxiety, insomnia, epigastric pain, and reflux.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include poor memory, nausea, and seizure patterns.", "depth": "0.5-1.0 cun oblique inferiorly, reduced according to liver and cardiac anatomy", "moxibustion": "Contraindicated", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Deep insertion may injure the left lobe of the liver or an enlarged heart. Never angle the needle superiorly toward the heart.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV14, p. 226", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 14: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren14.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-14: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-14.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and abdomen; vital organs, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV14 liver and heart caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-15", "name": "Jiūwěi", "hanzi": "鸠尾", "english": "Dove Tail", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.28, "location": "On the upper abdomen, on the anterior midline 1 B-cun below the xiphisternal junction.", "attributes": "Luo-connecting point of the Conception Vessel.", "actions": "Traditionally opens the chest, calms the spirit, transforms phlegm, and descends rebellious qi.", "indications": "Reference uses include chest or epigastric pain, palpitations, anxiety, nausea, and reflux.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include seizure patterns, agitation, and throat obstruction sensations.", "depth": "0.4-0.6 cun oblique inferiorly, reduced according to liver and cardiac anatomy", "moxibustion": "Contraindicated", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Deep insertion may injure the left liver lobe or an enlarged heart. Superior angling toward the heart is contraindicated.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV15, p. 227", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 15: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren15.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-15: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-15.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest and abdomen; vital organs, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "College and Association of Acupuncturists of Alberta, Safety Handbook for Alberta Practitioners", "reference": "Appendix 1, CV15 liver and heart caution, p. 57", "url": "https://www.acupuncturealberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/CAA-Safety-Handbook-v1.2.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-16", "name": "Zhōngtíng", "hanzi": "中庭", "english": "Central Palace", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2664, "location": "On the anterior midline of the thorax, at the midpoint of the xiphisternal junction.", "attributes": "Conception Vessel point at the xiphisternal junction; no special command classification is consistently identified.", "actions": "Traditionally opens the chest, descends rebellious qi, and harmonizes the Stomach.", "indications": "Reference uses include chest discomfort, cough, wheezing, nausea, reflux, and difficulty swallowing.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include breast discomfort and agitation linked with chest constraint.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous or transverse, kept superficial to thoracic structures", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked CV-16 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This is a thoracic point at the xiphisternal junction. WHO advises shallow oblique or horizontal technique on the chest to avoid vital-organ injury.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV16, p. 227", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 16: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren16.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-16: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-16.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest precautions, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "CV-17", "name": "Dànzhōng", "hanzi": "膻中", "english": "Chest Center", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2528, "location": "On the anterior midline of the thorax, level with the fourth intercostal space.", "attributes": "Front-mu point of the Pericardium; Hui-meeting point of qi and Sea of Qi point.", "actions": "Traditionally regulates qi, opens the chest, benefits the breasts, and calms respiratory constraint.", "indications": "Reference uses include chest tightness, cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and breast pain or reduced lactation.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include palpitations, anxiety, hiccup, and difficulty swallowing.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous or transverse", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked CV-17 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Use transverse needling only. A congenital sternal foramen may be present beneath CV-17, so deep perpendicular insertion can pass through the sternum and endanger thoracic structures.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV17, p. 228", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 17: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren17.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-17: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-17.html" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Care with points over organ tissue or structures; CV17, p. 13", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest precautions, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "CV-18", "name": "Yùtáng", "hanzi": "玉堂", "english": "Jade Hall", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2392, "location": "On the anterior midline of the thorax, level with the third intercostal space.", "attributes": "Sternal Conception Vessel point level with the third intercostal space, without a separate command class in the checked sources.", "actions": "Traditionally opens the chest, descends Lung qi, and eases throat and breast constraint.", "indications": "Reference uses include difficult breathing, cough, wheeze, and discomfort behind the sternum.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include breast pain, vomiting, and throat discomfort.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous or transverse", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked CV-18 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This is a chest point over the sternum. WHO advises controlled shallow or horizontal insertion to avoid injury to thoracic structures.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV18, p. 228", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 18: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren18.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-18: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-18.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest precautions, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "CV-19", "name": "Zǐgōng", "hanzi": "紫宫", "english": "Purple Palace", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2256, "location": "On the anterior midline of the thorax, level with the second intercostal space.", "attributes": "Sternal Conception Vessel point level with the second intercostal space; checked sources list no distinct command category.", "actions": "Traditionally opens the chest, redirects Lung qi downward, and clears chest fullness.", "indications": "Reference uses include chest oppression, painful breathing, persistent cough, and wheezing.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include throat discomfort, vomiting, and breast pain.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous or transverse", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked CV-19 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Use shallow transverse technique at this thoracic point. WHO warns that depth and direction on the chest must be controlled to protect vital structures.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV19, p. 229", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 19: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren19.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-19: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-19.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest precautions, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "CV-20", "name": "Huágài", "hanzi": "华盖", "english": "Floral Canopy", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.212, "location": "On the anterior midline of the thorax, level with the first intercostal space.", "attributes": "Upper sternal Conception Vessel point at the first intercostal level, with no additional command classification listed.", "actions": "Traditionally opens the chest, benefits the throat, and descends rebellious Lung qi.", "indications": "Reference uses include cough, wheezing, chest fullness, throat pain, and difficulty breathing.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include vomiting and pain below the clavicles.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous or transverse", "moxibustion": "Applicable according to the checked CV-20 point source", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This upper thoracic point requires shallow horizontal insertion. Deep or poorly directed needling can endanger structures within the chest.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV20, p. 229", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 20: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren20.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-20: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-20.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest precautions, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "CV-21", "name": "Xuánjī", "hanzi": "璇玑", "english": "Jade Pivot", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2075, "location": "On the anterior midline of the thorax, 1 B-cun inferior to the suprasternal fossa.", "attributes": "Manubrial Conception Vessel point 1 B-cun below the suprasternal fossa; no separate command class is identified.", "actions": "Traditionally opens the chest, descends Lung qi, and benefits the throat.", "indications": "Reference uses include cough, wheezing, chest fullness, sore throat, and difficult swallowing.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include pain behind the sternum and vomiting.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun subcutaneous or transverse", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked point-specific sources", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "This point lies on the upper thorax. Keep insertion shallow and transverse because WHO advises strict control of depth and direction on the chest.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV21, p. 230", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 21: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren21.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-21: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling sections; no moxibustion statement found", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-21.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, chest precautions, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] }, { "id": "CV-22", "name": "Tiāntū", "hanzi": "天突", "english": "Celestial Prominence", "meridian": "CV", "view": "anterior", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.2034, "location": "At the front of the neck, in the center of the suprasternal fossa on the anterior midline.", "attributes": "Window of Heaven point of the Conception Vessel.", "actions": "Traditionally descends Lung qi, transforms phlegm, opens the throat, and eases wheezing.", "indications": "Reference uses include cough, wheezing, sore throat, sudden voice loss, and difficulty swallowing.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include goiter patterns, hiccup, and chest fullness.", "depth": "Specialist-only; depth and direction must be selected from individual suprasternal, airway, vascular, and thoracic anatomy", "moxibustion": "Not established in checked safety sources for this vulnerable anterior neck point", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "CV-22 is directly in front of the trachea and close to major vessels and upper thoracic structures. WHO identifies it as potentially dangerous; no procedural direction is provided here because specialist anatomy and supervision are required.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV22, p. 230", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 22: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren22.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-22: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-22.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 5.2, other potentially dangerous points, p. 25", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" }, { "document": "Chinese Medicine Council of New Zealand, Safety in Clinical Practice Guidance", "reference": "Vulnerable neck points, p. 12", "url": "https://www.chinesemedicinecouncil.org.nz/common/Uploaded%20files/RegistrationsDocs/Standards%20Statement%20and%20Policies/Safety%20in%20Clinical%20Practice%20Guidance%2011Aug23.pdf" } ] }, { "id": "CV-23", "name": "Liánquán", "hanzi": "廉泉", "english": "Corner Spring", "meridian": "CV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.6406, "location": "At the front of the neck, on the anterior midline in the depression above the hyoid bone and above the upper border of the thyroid cartilage.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Conception Vessel and Yin Linking Vessel.", "actions": "Traditionally benefits the tongue and throat, regulates speech, and clears phlegm.", "indications": "Reference uses include tongue stiffness, speech difficulty, sore throat, voice loss, and difficulty swallowing.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include excessive salivation, dry mouth, and throat swelling.", "depth": "Specialist-only, anatomy-dependent needling; a fixed cun range is not presented because vessels and glands in the sublingual space vary by individual", "moxibustion": "Not established: checked point sources report applicable, caution, and prohibition", "isCaution": true, "cautionNote": "Ultrasound shows blood vessels, the anterior digastric and geniohyoid region, and the sublingual gland beneath CV-23. A misaligned oblique needle can injure a vessel or gland; visualization and specialist anatomical assessment are recommended.", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV23, p. 231", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 23: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren23.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-23: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-23.html" }, { "document": "An Observational Study on the Anatomical Characteristics of Acupoint CV23 with Ultrasonography", "reference": "Results, discussion and conclusion; vessels, sublingual gland and variable shallow depth", "url": "https://www.integrmed.org/journal/view.php?number=13" } ] }, { "id": "CV-24", "name": "Chéngjiāng", "hanzi": "承浆", "english": "Container of Fluids", "meridian": "CV", "view": "head", "x": 0.5, "y": 0.6094, "location": "On the face, in the depression at the center of the groove between the lower lip and the chin.", "attributes": "Meeting point of the Conception Vessel and Foot Yangming Stomach channel.", "actions": "Traditionally benefits the mouth and face, dispels wind, and relieves local pain.", "indications": "Reference uses include facial weakness, drooling, swelling of the gums, toothache, and difficulty opening the mouth.", "secondaryIndications": "Secondary uses include facial pain, thirst, and agitation.", "depth": "0.3-0.5 cun oblique superiorly", "moxibustion": "Direct moxibustion is contraindicated on the face; indirect use is not established in checked point sources", "isCaution": false, "cautionNote": "", "leader": "trailing", "sources": [ { "document": "WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in the Western Pacific Region (2008)", "reference": "CV24, p. 231", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/353407" }, { "document": "Acupuncture.com Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "Ren 24: English name, classification, functions, indications and needling sections", "url": "https://www.acupuncture.com/education/points/ren/ren24.htm" }, { "document": "American Dragon Acupuncture Point Reference", "reference": "REN-24: English name, command functions, actions, indications and needling and moxibustion sections", "url": "https://www.americandragon.com/Points/REN-24.html" }, { "document": "WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Acupuncture", "reference": "Section II, 3.9, direct moxibustion on the face, p. 23", "url": "https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/66007" } ] } ] }